英语初二下册二单元笔记

『壹』 谁有初二英语下册2、3单元的预习笔记

Unit 1 Will people have robots?
重点语法：一般将来时态的应用
do/does 的一般将来时态形式：(shall/will) do
do/does 的一般将来时态的被动语态：(shall/will) be done
一般将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：People will have robots in a few years.
否定句例句：People (will not/won't) have robots in a few years.
一般疑问句例句：Will people have robots in a few years?
特殊疑问句例句：What will people have in a few years?
重点短语：won't = will not they'll = they will
she'll = she will he'll = he will
I'll = I will
fall in love with(sb./sth.) be able to do sth. 能够做某事
come true 实现 in the future 未来
hundreds of 数以百计的 thousands of 数以千计的
look for(sb./sth.) 寻找（某人/某物） will → would 情态动词 will 的原形和过去式
may → might 情态动词 may 的原形和过去式
Unit 2 What should I do?
重点语法：过去将来时态（将来时态的委婉说法）
do/does 的过去将来时态形式：(should/would) do
do/does 的过去将来时态的被动语态：(should/would) be done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句、疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：You should write a letter to him.
否定句例句：You shouldn't write a letter to him.
一般疑问句例句：Should I write a letter to him?
特殊疑问句例句：What should I do?
重点短语：keep sb. out 不让某人进入
What's wrong? = What's the matter? = What's the problem? 怎么了？
out of style 不时髦的；过时的 call sb. up 给某人打电话
pay for sth. 为某事付款 part-time job 兼职工作
the same as = be same (to/with) 与……同样 in style 时髦的；流行的
get on [well] with sb. = get along [well] with sb. 与某人相处（好）
didn't = did not couldn't = could not
as ... as possible 尽可能……(eg/ as soon as possible 尽快)
all kinds of 各种；许多 on the one hand 一方面
on the other hand 另一方面 ask sb. for sth. = ask sb. to do sth. 请求某人做某事
ask sb. not to do sth. 请求某人不要做某事
spend (money) on sth. = spend (money) [in] doing sth. 花钱做某事
sth. cost sb. (money) 某人花钱为了某事
take sb. sometime to do sth. 花某人时间做某事
find out 查明 find sb. doing sth. 发现某人做某事
be angry with sb. 生某人的气 be angry at sth. 生某事的气
the same age as = as old as 与某人年龄一样
have fight with sb. 与某人打架 learn to do sth. 学会做某事
not ... until ... 直到……才……
compare sth.(A) with sth.(B) 把某事(A)与某事(B)作比较
it's time for sth. = it's time to do sth. 到该做某事的时间了
maybe adv. 或许
may be （情态动词 + 动词原形）可能是
shall → should 情态动词 shall 的原形和过去式
pay → paid → paid 动词 pay 的原形、过去式和过去分词
Unit 3 What were you doing when the UFO arrived?
重点语法：过去进行时态
do/does 的过去进行时态形式：(was/were) doing
do/does 的过去进行时态的被动语态：(was/were) being done
过去将来时态的肯定句、否定句和疑问句形式：
肯定句例句：I was walking down the street when a UFO landed.
否定句例句：I wasn't walking down the street when a UFO landed.
一般疑问句例句：Were you walking down the street when a UFO landed?
特殊疑问句例句：What were you doing when a UFO landed?
动词 when 和 while 的选择：when 后加瞬间动词，while 后加延续性动词。
例句：The boy was walking down the street when the UFO landed.
=While the boy was walking down the street, the UFO landed.
感叹句
结构：(1) How + adj. + the + 主语 + 谓语动词
=(2) What + (a/an) + [adj.] + n. + 主语 + 谓语动词
例句：What a beautiful flower [it is]!
=How beautiful the flower is!
What beautiful flowers [they are]!
=How beautiful the flowers are!
重点短语：get out 出去；离开 take off 起飞
run away 逃跑；跑掉 come in 进来
hear about = hear of 听说 take place 发生
as ... as 像……一样(eg/ as old as him 像他一样老)
anywhere = everywhere = here and there 任何地方
think about 考虑 think of 认为
get up = get out of the bed 起床 at the doctor's 在诊所
every day 每一天 everyday （adj.） 日常的
most adj. 大部分 the most 最多的
in space 在太空中 national hero 民族英雄
all over the world = in the world 全世界
Unit 4 He said I was hard-working.
重点语法：宾语从句
结构：主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语从句(主语 + 谓语动词 + 宾语/表语)
例句：----I'm good at English. He says. (改为加宾语从句的复合句)
----He says I'm good at English.
注意：①主句是一般现在时态，宾语从句的时态不受其影响。
例句：He says I'm good at English now.
He says I was good at mathematics when I was young.
②主句是过去时态，宾语从句也要用过去时态。
例句：He said I was good at mathematics when I was young yesterday.
He said I was good at English now yesterday.
③宾语从句是客观真理时永远用一般现在时态。
例句：Our teacher says 24 hours make a day.
Our teacher said the sun gives us so many energy yesterday.
④动词原形不能作主语，必须用其 -ing 形式。
例句：She said helping others changed her life.
重点短语：direct speech 直接引语
reported speech = indirect speech 间接引语
first of all = at first 首先
pass on 传递
be supposed to do sth. 应该做某事
be good at = do well in 在某方面做得好
in good health 身体健康
get over 克服
open up 打开
care for = take care of = look after 照料；照顾
not any more = not any longer = no longer 不再
have a cold 感冒
end-of-year exam 年终考试
get nervous 变得紧张
forget to do sth. 忘记做某事（该事未做）
forget doing sth. 忘记做某事（该事已做）
it's + adj. + [for sb.] + to do sth. 做某事[对某人来说]……（加形容词）
context 上下文

Unit 5 If you go to the party, you'll have a great time!
重点语法：if 引导的条件状语从句
结构：主句 + if + 条件状语从句
if + 条件状语从句 + [(comma)] + 主句
注意：在 if 引导的条件状语从句中，主句应用将来时态，状语从句用一般现在时态。
例句：You'll have a great time if you go to the party.
=If you go to the party, you'll have a great time.
重点短语：take away 拿走
around the world = all over the world 在世界各地
make a living 谋生
all the time = always 一直
What's the problem? = What's the matter? = What's wrong? 怎么了？
in order to do sth. 为了做某事
make sb. do sth. 使得某人做某事（to 省略，该结构是一个不带 to 的不定式。）
make sb. adj. 使得某人……（加形容词）
make sb. done 使得某人被做
be famous for 为……而出名
be famous as 作为……而出名
in class 在课堂上
spend ...(time/money) on sth. = spend ...(time/money) in doing sth. 花……（时间/钱）用于做某事
see sb. do sth. 看见某人做某事（强调整个过程）
see sb. doing sth. 看见某人做某事（强调偶然性）
say → said → said 动词 say 的原形、过去式和过去分词
tell → told → told 动词 tell 的原形、过去式和过去分词
eat → ate → eaten 动词 eat 的原形、过去式和过去分词
speak → spoke → spoken 动词 speak 的原形、过去式和过去分词

『贰』 初二上册英语第二单元的重点笔记

在迷雾中让你看透阳光总在风雨后

『叁』 英语人教新目标八下第二单元reading知识点

Unit 2 What should I do?
【单元目标】
1．单词与短语
stereo, loud, argue, original, serious, style, wrong, argument, either, teen, talk, family, tutor, haircut, caller, except, upset
1.want sb. to do sth.
2.play one’s stereo
3 stay at home
4.argue with sb / have an argument with sb.
5.be out of style
6.write sb a letter/write to
7.talk about
8.on the phone
9. surprise sb.
10.pay for
11.get a part-time job
12.borrow sth. from sb.
13.ask sb. for…
14. have a bake sale
15.find out
16.be upset
17. call… up
18.the same as
19. get on well with sb.
20. return sth.
21.have a fight with sb.
22.from…to…
23. drop off
24.prepare for
25.after-school clubs
26.be used to
27.fill up
28.take the middle road

2．目标句型：
1. What should I do? 2. Why don’t you…? 3. You could …
4. You should… 5. You shouldn’t…
3．语法
情态动词的用法 Ⅰ
【重难点分析】
情态动词(Modal Verbs )Ⅰ
* 情态动词也可称为“情态助动词 (Modal Auxiliaries)”，因为它和基本助动词(be,do, have)都属于助动词类。
* 情态动词和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。
* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。
* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
* 常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would这九大情态动词；其他的还有ought to, need, dare 等。
一、九大情态动词的时态关系：
1. 现在式 can -- 过去式 could
2. 现在式 may -- 过去式 might
3. 现在式 shall -- 过去式 should
4. 现在式 will -- 过去式 would
5. 现在式 must -- 过去式 must （常用had to来代替）
二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测”
(can, could, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to)
（1）can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”：
1. He can't be at home. (否定句)
他不可能在家。
2. Can the news be true? (将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句)
这消息可能是真的吗?
3. Anybody can make mistake. (只表示理论上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。
（2）may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”：
1. It may rain tomorrow. (表示可能会发生) 明天可能会下雨。
2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测) 今天下午可能会下雪。
3. You might be right. (表示有可能) 你可能是对的。
（3）will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”：
1. I think he will be all right now. (will be 表示一定会) 我想他现在一定好了。
2. That would be his mother.(would be 表示肯定是) 那肯定是他母亲。
3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.(will 表示经常的)
他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。
（4）shall 和 should 用于表示“必定”：
1. I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我会发达的。
2. That should be Sam and his mother. (should be) 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。
（5）must 用于表示“必定”，“必会”：
1. This must be good for you.(must be 肯定) 这肯定对你是有益的。
2. All mankind must die.(表示必然会发生的事) 所有的人一定会死的。
3. Mustn't there be a mistake? (mustn't 多用于疑问句) 那肯定会有错误吗？
三、情态动词表示“许可”、“请求”
(can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must)
（1）can 和 could 用于表示“许可”、“请求”：
1. Can I go with you? (请求) 我能跟你一起走吗？
2. Father said I could go to cinema. (表示过去的许可) 爸爸说我可以去看电影。
3. Could I ask you something ? (请求,用 could 比 can 更婉转) 我可以问你一件事吗？
（2）will 和 would 用于表示“请求”
1. Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office? (表示客气请求)
请问到邮局怎么走？
2. Would you give me your address? (用 would 比 will 表示更客气)
请你告诉我你的地址，好吗？
（3）shall 和 should 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见
1. Shall we talk? 我们谈谈好吗？
2. What should we do next? (用should 比 shall 表示更客气) 下一步我们该怎么做？
3. Shall he come to see you? (用于第三人称疑问句) 要不要他来看你？
（4）may 和 might 用于表示“许可”(口语中多用 can )
1. You may take a walk. (表示给予许可) 你可以散散步。
2. You might read the story for me. (比may更婉转) 是否请给我读一读这故事。
3.May I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗？
4. Might I take a look of your work? 我看看您的大作行吗？
5. Students may not make noise in the library. (may not 表示不许可或禁止)
学生不得在图书馆里吵闹。
6. If I may say so, you are not right. (用于条件句，表示请求)
你是不对的，如果我可以这么说的话。
（5）must 用于表示“禁止”，“不准”：
1. Cars must not be parked here. (must not表示不许可) 此地不准停车。
2. All of you mustn't fishing in the pool. (must not 语气方面比 may not 更强)
你们不准在池里钓鱼。
四、重要短语和表达法(Key Words)
1．argue v．争论；争吵 argue with sb．与某人吵架
I argued with my best friend．我和我的好朋友吵架了。
Don’t argue with him. 别和他争吵了。
2．① either adv.（用于否定句）也
He doesn’t have any money, and I don’t, either．他没有钱，我也没有。
I can’t play chess. She can’t, either.我不会下国际象棋，她也不会。
② too 也（用于肯定或疑问句）
I’m a teacher．He is a teacher, too．我是老师，他也是老师。
We are going hiking. Are they going hiking,too?我们要去徒步旅行,他们也要去吗？
3．ask （sb．）for sth．向某人寻求某物；要……
Don't ask for food every day．Go and find some work． 别天天要饭，找点儿工作做。
I don’t think you should ask your parents for some money.我想你不应向父母要钱。
If you have any problems, you can ask the policeman for help. 如果你有困难，可以向警察求助。
He didn't want to ask his teacher for his book back． 他不想向老师要回他的书了。
4．the same as... 与……相同
The clothes are the same as my friends'．这些衣服与我朋友的一样。
Tom is the same age as Anna．＝ Tom is as old as Anna．汤姆和安娜一样大。
Her backpack is the same as mine. 她的背包与我的一样。
5．except 除……以外；（不包括……在内）
My class has been invited except me．＝ Only I haven't been invited．
除我以外，我的同学都被邀请了。
All the students went to the park except him．＝ Only he didn't get to the park．
They all toured America except her.
除了他以外，所有的学生都去美国旅行过。
besides 除……以外（包括在内）
We all went there besides him．＝ He went there．We went there, too．除他去以外，我们也都去了。
There are five more visitors besides me.除了我之外还有5倍访客
6．wrong adj．错误的；有毛病的；不合适的
Is there anything wrong with you? 你哪儿不舒服？
— What's wrong with you? 你怎么了?(你哪里不舒服?)
— I've got a headache．我头痛。
What’s wrong with your watch? It doesn't work.你的手表怎么了？它不走了。
adv．错误地；不正确地；不对地
He answered wrong．他答错了。
They knew they did wrong. 他们知道他们做错了。
7．get on well with sb．与某人相处融洽
The students will get on well with the teacher．学生会和老师相处得非常好。
We get on well with each other．我们彼此相处融洽。
Can she get on well with all the other students in her class?
她能与她班里所有的同学相处得好吗?
8．have a fight with sb．＝ fight with sb．与某人打架
I don‘t want to have a fight with my cousin． 我不想和我的堂兄打架。
They never fight with each other.They are really good friends.
他们从不打架，他们的确是好朋友。
五、主要句型(Key Sentences Structures)
What should I do? You could write him a letter．
What should he do? Maybe he should say sorry to him
What should they do? They shouldn't argue．
六、词语辨析
1. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人处借进某物
lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人
borrow sth. from sb. 是指该句的主语从别人处(往里)借进某物
例:He borrowed the dictionary from Lucy yesterday. 他昨天从露西处借了那本字典.
lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth.
是指该句的主语把某物（往外）借给别人用
例如：Could you lend me your car? 请你借给我你的车用一下好吗？
2. ①get sb. to do… 使……做（以人为对象时，有“说服……使做……”的含义）
He could get a tutor to come to his home. 他可以请一位家庭教师来他家。
You’ll never get her to agree. 你决不可能使她同意。
②ask sb. to do… 邀请（人）做……
We asked her to come to our party.我们请她来参加聚会
③ tell sb. to do…让某人做某事 例如：
The teacher told him to finish the work that day. 老师那天让他完成那项工作。
3、be in style 时髦的，流行的
be out of style 过时的，不时髦的
例： Look! Her new dress is in style.她的新裙子很时髦。
Those clothes are out of style. 那些衣服过时了。
七、课文解释
1、I don’t want to surprise him. 我不想让他感到意外。
此处surprise是及物动词 surprise sb. 使某人感到吃惊
eg. My friend always surprises me.
2、talk about it on the phone 用电话就此事进行交流
eg. Call Jim on the phone. 找吉姆听电话。
Lily, you are wanted on the phone. 莉莉，你的电话
3、call sb. (up) =give sb. a call 给某人打电话
He called me (up) from New York. 他从纽约给我打来电话
=He gave me a call from New York.
4、write sb. a letter = write a letter to sb. 给某人写信
5、give him a ticket to a ball game.给他一张观看球赛的入场券
eg. They got two tickets to tonight’s show.他们搞了两张今晚表演的入场券。
6、She has the same haircut as I do. 她和我有相同的发型。
eg. Tim has the same clothes as his brother does.提姆和他的弟弟有相同的衣服。
7、find out （研究、努力的结果）发现，查出，找出
You should find out (the answer) for yourself.你应该自己去找答案。
8、Everyone else in my class was invited except me.
除了我以外，我们班其他别的人都接到了邀请（信）
此句中else一词不能单独使用它必须跟在不定代词像“someone, anyone nobody”等词的后面，或跟在特殊疑问词像“what, where”等词的后面使用意思是“别的”
eg. What else do you know about it? 关于此事你还知道什么别的方面
9、I can’t think what I did wrong. 我真想不出我做错了什么。
此句中 what I did wrong是宾语从句，作think的宾语应用陈述语序。
10、I’m very upset and don’t know what to do.我很沮丧，不知该干什么。
此句中 what to do是不定式作know的宾语，可用宾语从句来代替。可以说成“I don’t know what I should do.”
11、There are a lot of things you could do. 有许多你能做的事。
此句中 you could do是定语从句，修饰前面的名词“things”
12、You left your homework at home.你把你的作业落在家里了。
Leave sth. +介词短语，是“把……忘在，落在（某处）的意思。
eg. He left his umbrella on the bus.他把伞忘在公交车上。
13、You should try to be funny. 你应该试着幽默一些。
Try to do…努力做，试着做，尽量做
而try not to do 是尽量不做……
eg. Please try not to be late again. 请尽量不要再迟到。
14、Their school days are busy enough. 他们的学校生活是够忙的。
enough必须放在形容词/副词的后面,表示“足够……的”
eg. He is tall enough to reach that apple. 他足够高的可以够着那个苹果。
15、be under too much pressure. 在太多的压力下
16、see other children doing a lot of things 看别的孩子在做许多事
see sb. doing 看见某人正在干某事
eg. We saw them playing basketball at that time.那时我们看见他们在打篮球
17、find it hard to do sth. 发现做……（事）很难
He found it hard to learn math well. 他发现学好数学很难

祝你学习进步，更上一层楼！请记得采纳，谢谢！(*^__^*)

『肆』 八年级下册英语笔记

八年级下册英语语法笔记

Unit1

语法

本单元主要学习将来时态的表达

1

．将来时态：

表示将要在将来的时间里发生的动作。

主要的时间状语有

inthefuture,tomorrow

，

the

dayaftertomorrow,

nextday(month,year),

in+

段时间表示的将来时间，如：

intenyears,intwo

weeks

等

.

将来时的肯定构成：主语

+will+V

原

+

其他

IwillgotoBeijingtomorrow.

将来时的否定构成：主语

+

will+not(won’t)+V

原

+

其他

Iwon’tgotoBeijingtomorrow.

将来时的疑问构成：

Will+

主语

+V

原

+

其他？

WillyougotoBeijingtomorrow?

Yes,Iwill.No,Iwon’t.

在英语中也可以用另外一种句子表示将来时

肯定构成：主语

+begoingto+V

原

+

其他

.IamgoingtoBeijingtomorrow.

否定构成：主语

+begoingto+V

原

+

其他

.IamnotgoingtoBeijingtomorrow.

疑问构成：

Be+

主语

+goingto+V

原

+

其他

?AreyougoingtoBeijing?

Yes,Iam

No,Iamnot.

两者的区别主要是：

1

）

begoingto

表示有某种暗示

Eg:Itisgoingtorain.(

通过看天气或云而判断出来的。

)

2

）

begoingto

有计划性，有某种打算

Iamgoingtobeateacher.

除了以上之外，

will

和

begoingto

可以通用。

2

．

Therebe

句型表示

“

有

”

，

have

也表示

“

有

”

，

那么

“

将要有

”

的表达如下：

①

Thereisgoingtobe

②

therewillbe

③主语（必须是人做主语）

+willhave

④主语（必须是人做主语）

+begoingtohave

.

=.

Iwillhaveanewtoycar.=Iamgoingtohaveatoycar.

没有

thereisgoingtohave,therewillhave

的表达。

3.

不定代词：表示没有具体指代的人或物。

表示物的不定代词

everything,something,anything,nothing

不定代词

表示人的不定代词

everybody(everyone),somebody(someone),

anybody(anyone),nobody(noone)

注意：所有的不定代词没有复数形式，只有单数形式。

Everyonestays(stay)athome.

4.alittle,little,afew,few

的区别及用法

alittle

一点

afew

后面必须加不可数名词

后面必须加不可数名词

little

几乎没有

alittle

eg:Heisnew,sohehasfewfriends.

eg:Iamsothirsty,.

little

—

less

—

least

few

—

fewer

—

fewest

5.free

自由的

adj

Iwillbefreetomorrow.

免费的

adj

Everythingisfree,youneedn’ttakemoney.

n.freedom

自由

6.polution

污染

n.

（不可数名词）

Thereismuchpollutioninthecity.

7.agree:v

同意

agreewithsb.

同意某人

Iagreewithyou.

agree

—disagree=don’tagree

『伍』 八年级英语下册笔记！

先把所有课文通读一遍，边读边划词组、知识点，这样印象会深
每篇课文应该会有语法点总结，你可以看看，自己再找点相关资料阅读

『陆』 初二下学期的英语笔记(人教版)

直接引语变间接引语
一、如何变人称;
下面有一句顺口溜“一随主。二随宾，第三人称不更新”。“一随主”是指在直接引语变间接引语时，如果从句中的主语是第一人称或被第一人称所修饰。从句中的人称要按照主句中主语的人称变化如：
She said. "My brother wants to go with me. "→She said her brother wanted to go with her.
“二随宾”是指直接引语变间接引语时，若从句中的主语及宾语是第二人称。或被第二人你所修饰。从句中的人称要跟引号外的主句的宾语一致。如果引号外的主句没有宾语。也可以用第一人称，如：
He said to Kate. "How is your sister now?"→He asked Kate how her sister was then。
“第三人称不更新”是指直接引语变间接引语时。如果从句中的主语及宾语是第三人称或被第三人称所修饰从句中的人称一般不需要变化如：
Mr Smith said。 "Jack is a good worker。"→Mr Smith said Jack was a good worker。
二、如何变时态：
直接引语在改为间接引语时、时态需要做相应的调整。
现在时它需改为过去时态；过去时态改为完成时；过去完成时则保留原来的时态。如：
1)She said. "I have lost a pen."→She said she had lost a pen
2)She said. "We hope so."→She said they hoped so.
3) She said. "He will go to see his friend。"→She said he would go to see his friend。
但要注意在以下几种情况下。在直接引语变为间接引语时，时态一般不变化。
①直接引语是客观真理。
"The earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth, the teacher told me. → The teacher told me the earth moves around the sun and the moon moves around the earth。
②直接引语是过去进行时，时态不变。如：
Jack said. "John, where were you going when I met you in the street?"→Jack asked John where he was going when he met him in the street。
③直接引语中有具体的过去某年、某月、某日作状语，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
Xiao Wang said. "I was born on April 2l, 1980。" →Xiao Wang said he was born on April 20, 1980。
④直接引语如果是一般现在时。表示一种反复出现或习惯性的动作，变间接引语，时态不变。如：
He said, "I get up at six every morning。" →He said he gets up at six every morning。
⑤如果直接引语中的情态动词没有过去时的形式（例：ought to， had better, used to)和已经是过去时的形式时，（例：could, should, would, might）不再变。如：
Peter said. "You had better come have today。" →Peter said I had better go there that day。
三、如何变状语：
直接引语变间接引语，状语变化有其内在规津，时间状语由“现在”改为“原来”（例：now变为then, yesterday。变为 the day before）地点状语，尤其表示方向性的，或用指示代词修饰的状语，由“此”改为“彼”（例：this 改为that),如：
He said, "These books are mine." →He said those books were his.
四、如何变句型：
①直接引语如果是陈述句，间接引语应改为由that引导的宾语从句。如：She said, "Our bus will arrive in five minutes."→She said that their bus would arrive in five minutes.
②直接引语如果是反意疑问句，选择疑问句或一般疑问句，间接引语应改为由whether或if引导的宾语从句.如：He said, "Can you swim, John?" →He asked John if he could swim.
"You have finished the homework, haven‘t you?" my mother asked. →My mother asked me whether I had finished the homework.
"Do you go to school by bus or by bike?" →He asked me if I went to school by bus or by bike.
③直接引语如果是特殊问句，间接引语应该改为由疑问代词或疑问副词引导的宾语从句（宾语从句必须用陈述句语序）。
She asked me, "When do they have their dinner?"→ She asked me when they had their dinner.
④直接引语如果是祈使句，间接引语应改为"tell(ask, order, beg等) sb (not) to do sth."句型。如：
"Don’t make any noise," she said to the children. →She told (ordered) the children not to make any noise. "Bring me a cup of tea, please," said she.→She asked him to bring her a cup of tea.
⑤直接引语如果是以“Let‘s”开头的祈使句，变为间接引语时，通常用“suggest +动句词（或从句）。”如：
He said, "Let’s go to the film." →He suggested going to the film.或He suggested that they should go to see the film.
引述别人的话有两种方式：一是使用引号引出人家的原话，这叫做直接引语；一是用自己的话把人家的话转述出来，这叫做间接引语。例如：
John said, "I’m going to London with my father."
约翰说："我要和父亲到伦敦去。"（引号内是直接引语）
John said that he was going to London with his father.
约翰说，他要和他父亲去伦敦。（宾语从句是间接引语）

由直接引语变为间接引语，分以下情况：
1． 直接引语是陈述句时
间接引语为that引导的宾语从句（口语中that可以省略），主句的引述动词主要有say ,tell, repeat, explain, think等。
He said , "You are younger than I."-’He said (that ) I was younger than him.
2.直接引语是疑问句时
间接引语为陈述语序：主句的谓语动词say 改为ask,或改为wonder, do not know, want to know, be not sure, be puzzled等。
（1） 一般疑问句或反意疑问句变为if (whether)引导的宾语从句。
She said, "Do you often come here to read newspapers?"
→She asked me if (或whether)I often went there to read newspapers.
She asked me , "You have seen the film, haven’t you?"
→She asked me whether(或if )I had seen the film.
（2） 选择疑问句变为whether….or 宾语从句。
I asked him, "Will you stay at home or go to a film tonight?"
→I asked him whether he would stay at home or go to a film that night.
(3)特殊疑问句变为由原来的疑问词引导的宾语从句。
He asked , "Where do you live?"
→He asked me where I lived.
3.直接引语是祈使句时
间接引语为不定式，作ask , tell, beg, order, warn, advise等动词的宾语补足语（don’t 变为not ）.
The teacher said to the boy, "Open the window."→The teacher told the boy to open the window.
His father said to him , "Don’t leave the door open."→His father told him not to leave the door open.
[注意]
（1） 有些表示建议、提议、劝告或要求的祈使句，可以用suggest ,insist等动词 加以转述。例如：
He said, "Let’s go to the theatre."
→He suggested (our )going to the theatre.或He suggested that we(should) go to the theatre.
(2) "Would you mind opening the window?" he asked.
→He asked me to open the window.
"Why don’t you take a walk after supper?" he asked .
→he advised me to take a walk after supper.
"Shall we listen to the music?" he asked.
→He suggested listening to the music.
4.直接引语是感叹句时
间接引语为what 或how 引导，也可以用that 引导。
She said, "What a lovely day it is !"
→She said what a lovely day it was .或She said that it was a lovely day.
5．如果主句谓语动词为各种现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语中的动词仍保持直接引语原来时态。如果主句谓语动词为过去时，间接引语中的动词时态按下列变化：
（1） 一般现在时变为一般过去时
（2） 现在进行时变为过去进行时
（3） 一般将来时变为过去将来时
（4） 现在完成时变为过去完成时
（5） 一般过去时变为过去完成时
（6） 过去完成时不变，仍为过去完成时
[注意]
（1） 如果直接引语是表示客观真理时，变为间接引语，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The teacher said "The earth goes round the sun."
→The teacher said that the earth goes round the sun.
（2） 如果直接引语中有明确表示过时间的状语，变为间接引语时，一般过去时不改为过去完成时。如：
He said to me, "I was born in 1973."
→He told me that he was born in 1973.
(3)如果直接引语所述事实在当时和目前同样生效，变为间接宾语时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
He said, "I’m a boy, not a girl."
→He said that he is a boy ,not a girl.
(4)如果直接引语中的谓语动词表示一种反复出现或习惯动作，在变为间接引时，一般现在时不改为一般过去时。如：
The girl said, "I get up at six every morning."
→The girl said that she gets up at six every morning.
(5)如果直接引语中含有since, when, while 引导的表示过去时间的状语从句，在变为间接引语时，只改变主句中的谓语动词，从句的一般过去时则不变。如：
He said to me, "I have taught English since he came here ."
→He told me that he had taught English since he came here.
(6)如果直接引语中含有情态动词 must, need, had better以及情态动词的过去式could, might, should, would,在变为间接引语时，这些情态动词没有时态的改变。例如：
The teacher said to me . "You must pay more attention to your pronunciation."
→The teacher told me that I must (have to ) pay more attention to my pronunciation.
He said , "I could swim when I was only six ."
→He said that he could swim when he was only six.
6.代词等一般地应作用相应的变化。
指示代词 this ---that
these--- those
表示时间的词 now --- then
today--- that day
this week(month ,etc) ----that week (month ,etc)
yesterday ----the day before
last week(month) --- the week(month) before
three days(a year)ago---three days(a year)before
tomorrow ----the next (following ) day
next week(month)--the next(following)week(month)
表地点的词 here --there
动词 bring -- take
come --go

『柒』 八年级英语下册第二单元重要知识点有哪些！急！！！

Unit 2 What should I do?
【单元目标】
1．单词与短语
stereo, loud, argue, original, serious, style, wrong, argument, either, teen, talk, family, tutor, haircut, caller, except, upset
1.want sb. to do sth. 2.play one’s stereo 3 stay at home
4.argue with sb / have an argument with sb. 5.be out of style
6.write sb a letter/write to 7.talk about 8.on the phone
9. surprise sb. 10.pay for 11.get a part-time job 12.borrow sth. from sb.
13.ask sb. for… 14. have a bake sale 15.find out 16.be upset
17. call… up 18.the same as 19. get on well with sb. 20. return sth.
21.have a fight with sb. 22.from…to… 23. drop off 24.prepare for
25.after-school clubs 26.be used to 27.fill up 28.take the middle road
2．目标句型：
1. What should I do? 2. Why don’t you…? 3. You could …
4. You should… 5. You shouldn’t…
3．语法
情态动词的用法 Ⅰ
【重难点分析】
情态动词(Modal Verbs )Ⅰ
* 情态动词也可称为“情态助动词 (Modal Auxiliaries)”，因为它和基本助动词(be,do, have)都属于助动词类。
* 情态动词和其他动词连用，可表示说话人的语气。
* 情态动词可表达建议、要求、可能和意愿等。
* 情态动词没有人称和数的变化。
* 常用的情态动词有：can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, would这九大情态动词；其他的还有ought to, need, dare 等。
一、九大情态动词的时态关系：
1. 现在式 can -- 过去式 could
2. 现在式 may -- 过去式 might
3. 现在式 shall -- 过去式 should
4. 现在式 will -- 过去式 would
5. 现在式 must -- 过去式 must （常用had to来代替）
二、情态动词表示“可能”或“预测”
(can, could, will, would, shall, should, must, ought to)
（1）can 和 could 用于表示“可能”或“预测”：
1. He can't be at home. (否定句)
他不可能在家。
2. Can the news be true? (将情态动词 can 置于主语 the news 前就成疑问句)
这消息可能是真的吗?
3. Anybody can make mistake. (只表示理论上的可能性) 任何人都可能犯错误。
（2）may 和 might 用于表示“事实上的可能性”或“预测”：
1. It may rain tomorrow. (表示可能会发生) 明天可能会下雨。
2. It may snow later this afternoon. (表示预测) 今天下午可能会下雪。
3. You might be right. (表示有可能) 你可能是对的。
（3）will 和 would 用于表示“预测”或“习惯性”：
1. I think he will be all right now. (will be 表示一定会) 我想他现在一定好了。
2. That would be his mother.(would be 表示肯定是) 那肯定是他母亲。
3. He will sit there hour after hour looking at the river.(will 表示经常的)
他经常一连几个小时坐在那儿看着河水。
（4）shall 和 should 用于表示“必定”：
1. I shall be rich one day. (shall be ) 总有一天我会发达的。
2. That should be Sam and his mother. (should be) 那准是Sam 和他的母亲。
（5）must 用于表示“必定”，“必会”：
1. This must be good for you.(must be 肯定) 这肯定对你是有益的。
2. All mankind must die.(表示必然会发生的事) 所有的人一定会死的。
3. Mustn't there be a mistake? (mustn't 多用于疑问句) 那肯定会有错误吗？
三、情态动词表示“许可”、“请求”
(can, could, will, would, shall, should, may, might, must)
（1）can 和 could 用于表示“许可”、“请求”：
1. Can I go with you? (请求) 我能跟你一起走吗？
2. Father said I could go to cinema. (表示过去的许可) 爸爸说我可以去看电影。
3. Could I ask you something ? (请求,用 could 比 can 更婉转) 我可以问你一件事吗？
（2）will 和 would 用于表示“请求”
1. Will you kindly tell me the way to the post office? (表示客气请求)
请问到邮局怎么走？
2. Would you give me your address? (用 would 比 will 表示更客气)
请你告诉我你的地址，好吗？
（3）shall 和 should 用于第一人称，表示征求对方的意见
1. Shall we talk? 我们谈谈好吗？
2. What should we do next? (用should 比 shall 表示更客气) 下一步我们该怎么做？
3. Shall he come to see you? (用于第三人称疑问句) 要不要他来看你？
（4）may 和 might 用于表示“许可”(口语中多用 can )
1. You may take a walk. (表示给予许可) 你可以散散步。
2. You might read the story for me. (比may更婉转) 是否请给我读一读这故事。
3.May I make a suggestion? 我可以提个建议吗？
4. Might I take a look of your work? 我看看您的大作行吗？
5. Students may not make noise in the library. (may not 表示不许可或禁止)
学生不得在图书馆里吵闹。
6. If I may say so, you are not right. (用于条件句，表示请求)
你是不对的，如果我可以这么说的话。
（5）must 用于表示“禁止”，“不准”：
1. Cars must not be parked here. (must not表示不许可) 此地不准停车。
2. All of you mustn't fishing in the pool. (must not 语气方面比 may not 更强)
你们不准在池里钓鱼。
四、重要短语和表达法(Key Words)
1．argue v．争论；争吵 argue with sb．与某人吵架
I argued with my best friend．我和我的好朋友吵架了。
Don’t argue with him. 别和他争吵了。
2．① either adv.（用于否定句）也
He doesn’t have any money, and I don’t, either．他没有钱，我也没有。
I can’t play chess. She can’t, either.我不会下国际象棋，她也不会。
② too 也（用于肯定或疑问句）
I’m a teacher．He is a teacher, too．我是老师，他也是老师。
We are going hiking. Are they going hiking,too?我们要去徒步旅行,他们也要去吗？
3．ask （sb．）for sth．向某人寻求某物；要……
Don't ask for food every day．Go and find some work． 别天天要饭，找点儿工作做。
I don’t think you should ask your parents for some money.我想你不应向父母要钱。
If you have any problems, you can ask the policeman for help. 如果你有困难，可以向警察求助。
He didn't want to ask his teacher for his book back． 他不想向老师要回他的书了。
4．the same as... 与……相同
The clothes are the same as my friends'．这些衣服与我朋友的一样。
Tom is the same age as Anna．＝ Tom is as old as Anna．汤姆和安娜一样大。
Her backpack is the same as mine. 她的背包与我的一样。
5．except 除……以外；（不包括……在内）
My class has been invited except me．＝ Only I haven't been invited．
除我以外，我的同学都被邀请了。
All the students went to the park except him．＝ Only he didn't get to the park．
They all toured America except her.
除了他以外，所有的学生都去美国旅行过。
besides 除……以外（包括在内）
We all went there besides him．＝ He went there．We went there, too．除他去以外，我们也都去了。
There are five more visitors besides me.除了我之外还有5倍访客
6．wrong adj．错误的；有毛病的；不合适的
Is there anything wrong with you? 你哪儿不舒服？
— What's wrong with you? 你怎么了?(你哪里不舒服?)
— I've got a headache．我头痛。
What’s wrong with your watch? It doesn't work.你的手表怎么了？它不走了。
adv．错误地；不正确地；不对地
He answered wrong．他答错了。
They knew they did wrong. 他们知道他们做错了。
7．get on well with sb．与某人相处融洽
The students will get on well with the teacher．学生会和老师相处得非常好。
We get on well with each other．我们彼此相处融洽。
Can she get on well with all the other students in her class?
她能与她班里所有的同学相处得好吗?
8．have a fight with sb．＝ fight with sb．与某人打架
I don‘t want to have a fight with my cousin． 我不想和我的堂兄打架。
They never fight with each other.They are really good friends.
他们从不打架，他们的确是好朋友。
五、主要句型(Key Sentences Structures)
What should I do? You could write him a letter．
What should he do? Maybe he should say sorry to him
What should they do? They shouldn't argue．
六、词语辨析
1. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人处借进某物
lend sth. to sb. 把某物借给某人
borrow sth. from sb. 是指该句的主语从别人处(往里)借进某物
例:He borrowed the dictionary from Lucy yesterday. 他昨天从露西处借了那本字典.
lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth.
是指该句的主语把某物（往外）借给别人用
例如：Could you lend me your car? 请你借给我你的车用一下好吗？
2. ①get sb. to do… 使……做（以人为对象时，有“说服……使做……”的含义）
He could get a tutor to come to his home. 他可以请一位家庭教师来他家。
You’ll never get her to agree. 你决不可能使她同意。
②ask sb. to do… 邀请（人）做……
We asked her to come to our party.我们请她来参加聚会
③ tell sb. to do…让某人做某事 例如：
The teacher told him to finish the work that day. 老师那天让他完成那项工作。
3、be in style 时髦的，流行的
be out of style 过时的，不时髦的
例： Look! Her new dress is in style.她的新裙子很时髦。
Those clothes are out of style. 那些衣服过时了。
七、课文解释
1、I don’t want to surprise him. 我不想让他感到意外。
此处surprise是及物动词 surprise sb. 使某人感到吃惊
eg. My friend always surprises me.
2、talk about it on the phone 用电话就此事进行交流
eg. Call Jim on the phone. 找吉姆听电话。
Lily, you are wanted on the phone. 莉莉，你的电话
3、call sb. (up) =give sb. a call 给某人打电话
He called me (up) from New York. 他从纽约给我打来电话
=He gave me a call from New York.
4、write sb. a letter = write a letter to sb. 给某人写信
5、give him a ticket to a ball game.给他一张观看球赛的入场券
eg. They got two tickets to tonight’s show.他们搞了两张今晚表演的入场券。
6、She has the same haircut as I do. 她和我有相同的发型。
eg. Tim has the same clothes as his brother does.提姆和他的弟弟有相同的衣服。
7、find out （研究、努力的结果）发现，查出，找出
You should find out (the answer) for yourself.你应该自己去找答案。
8、Everyone else in my class was invited except me.
除了我以外，我们班其他别的人都接到了邀请（信）
此句中else一词不能单独使用它必须跟在不定代词像“someone, anyone nobody”等词的后面，或跟在特殊疑问词像“what, where”等词的后面使用意思是“别的”
eg. What else do you know about it? 关于此事你还知道什么别的方面
9、I can’t think what I did wrong. 我真想不出我做错了什么。
此句中 what I did wrong是宾语从句，作think的宾语应用陈述语序。
10、I’m very upset and don’t know what to do.我很沮丧，不知该干什么。
此句中 what to do是不定式作know的宾语，可用宾语从句来代替。可以说成“I don’t know what I should do.”
11、There are a lot of things you could do. 有许多你能做的事。
此句中 you could do是定语从句，修饰前面的名词“things”
12、You left your homework at home.你把你的作业落在家里了。
Leave sth. +介词短语，是“把……忘在，落在（某处）的意思。
eg. He left his umbrella on the bus.他把伞忘在公交车上。
13、You should try to be funny. 你应该试着幽默一些。
Try to do…努力做，试着做，尽量做
而try not to do 是尽量不做……
eg. Please try not to be late again. 请尽量不要再迟到。
14、Their school days are busy enough. 他们的学校生活是够忙的。
enough必须放在形容词/副词的后面,表示“足够……的”
eg. He is tall enough to reach that apple. 他足够高的可以够着那个苹果。
15、be under too much pressure. 在太多的压力下
16、see other children doing a lot of things 看别的孩子在做许多事
see sb. doing 看见某人正在干某事
eg. We saw them playing basketball at that time.那时我们看见他们在打篮球
17、find it hard to do sth. 发现做……（事）很难
He found it hard to learn math well. 他发现学好数学很难

『捌』 仁爱英语初二下册（7~8单元）英语笔记

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