大学英语语块
1. 请问什么是英语词汇教学中的词块
就是 chunk, 也有人翻译成"字群", "语块".
如:
"许多口语表达以子句﹝出现﹞的本质和「字群」(chunk)的角色。（字群的感觉或语气，如﹝此句断句的方式﹞：The other day/I got a real surprise/when I got a call/from an old school friend。）"
"教学活动的重点在於先建立学生的整体概念，即以有意义的听、说教学让学生了解何时、何地使用主学习单字与语块（chunk），之後再归纳整理文法句型规则."
"（二）认知取向学习理论在教学设计上的应用
应思考相对应教学因素，包括了：
1．组织学习架构（structuring the learning framework）:教师可提供前导组织（advance organizer），一为说明式组织（expository organizers），提供逻辑关系的架构，另一为比较式组织（comparative organizers），提供新旧知识间的连结。
2．引导学生的注意力：短期记忆的容量有限，须反覆练习。Miller (1956)研究一般人的记忆广度（memory span）为「七加减二」个意元（chunk），教可提出重要问题以引导学生注意，但讲话速度不要太快。多媒体简报时，也不要一次提供太多资讯。
3．促进学生的知觉与编码：加强新旧知识联结，反覆演练，提供多元记忆策略、语文游戏等以促进编码。
4．教导学生建构意义的策略：如做摘要（summarizing）与自我提问（self-questioning），自我评量，并能培养自我调整学习能力（self-regulated learning）。"
2. 语块教学法的教学实验过程
教学实验为期16 周, 每周3 课时。实验组和控制组由同一教师任教, 采用相同的教材, 课时安排、教学进度亦相同。 而实验组则采用语块教学法,主要围绕以下几点展开:
其一,树立语块意识, 培养语块辨认能力。首先向学生介绍有关语块的知识,让学生了解语块的概念、分类及其对提高语言能力的重要性。在此基础上,结合课文A,引导学生对文中的语块进行正确辨认,增强学生的语块意识,使学生注意到自己和英语母语者的差距,从而努力缩小这种差距。
其二,培养自主学习能力。对于常用的、重要的语块,从形式、功能及语境方面详细讲解, 教会学生区分语块结构中的固定部分和可变部分,并通过造句、翻译等形式鼓励学生创造性地运语块中的可变部分。对于较难的语块,鼓励学生根据语境进行猜测, 同时学会充分利用语料库、网络或搭配词典等工具。课外要求学生对课文B 和C 进行语块标记,并对所接触的语块分类整理,建立自己的语块学习资源库, 养成良好的学习习惯及语块学习策略,从而培养学生的自主学习能力。
其三,巩固练习。设计各种各样的活动帮助学生巩固记忆,如将文中的语块用记号笔醒目标出, 或分类摘录；鼓励学生背诵文中的语块及语块密集的段落；以语块为中心设计选词填空、完型填空或配对连线；进行以语块为单位的翻译练习；利用所学语块复述课文或编故事或进行相关主题作文等等,单元检测亦以语块为中心。 语块教学实验表明，语块教学能增强学生的语块使用意识，明显提高学生的语块使用频率，促进学生英语写作水平的提高。本实验结果为大学英语课堂教学尤其是写作教学提供了有益的启示。首先，它表明了语块教学法是切实可行且行之有效的；其次，实施语块教学法教师应首先转变教学观念，以语块理论为指导，引导学生树立语块意识，并借助各种教学手段，创造各种机会帮助学生创造性地在交际中得体地使用语块，从而提高学生的语用能力和交际能力；再次，由于语块数量庞大，仅限于课堂教学远远不够，因此语块教学的最终目的应为培养学生语块学习的自主性，应帮助学生学会利用词典、语料库和网络资源等工具，延续课外的语块学习。
3. 什么是词块(lexical chunks)词块在词汇教学中有什么意义
词块 (lexical chunks) 即指词的搭配组合。是真实交际中高频率出现的大于单一一个词的语言现象，形式相对稳定。一般来说，词块包括习语、词语搭配、短语等等。语块不仅指 “in the end” 这样的连续性短语结构；也包括不连续的句子框架，如“not only...but also ”，还包括一些完整的句子，如“How do you do? ”。Cruse将它定义为“习惯性一起使用的词系列。”[1]Michael Lewis把它看作“自然文本中词的共用达到统计学意义数量的方式”[2]。国内学者卫乃兴在总结各学派的观点后把它定义为:在文本中实现一定的非成语意义并以一定的语法形式因循组合使用的一个词语系列,构成该序列的词语相互预期,以大于偶然的几率共现。[3]从以上定义可以看出搭配具有共现性、重复性、习惯性和自然性。词块可以是两个或两个以上的词组合在一起,它的组成成分可以是:形容词 名词:a large number,名词 名词:pocket money,动词 名词:pay the bill,副词 形容词:seriously injured,动词 形容词 名词:learn a foreign language,动词 副词:live together, 副词 动词:half understand,动词 介词 名词:speak into the telephone等。有的还可以更长,有的甚至是句子,如:How do you do? 在Lewis看来,词块按照其组成成分之间关系密切的程度可分为固定搭配, 如rancid butter, curry favor,半固定搭配,如hold a meeting, ride a horse和松散搭配,如white,wine, red wine。这些词块有完整的意义，可以直接运用于口笔头交际。
词块在词汇教学中的意义有：
Michael Lewis指出语言包含词块, 当词块组合在一起时就产生了连贯的语篇。语言交际主要靠典型的词语搭配来表达意义,运用搭配可以使人思维更快,使交际效率更高。因此搭配对于学习者来说非常重要,尤其是那些固定搭配和半固定搭配。当学习者使用搭配进行交际的时候,他们从心理词典中迅速提取大量的语言成品,减少了大脑语言加工的时间,加快了语言产出的速度,而且提高了语言使用的准确性和流利性。[4] 因为母语使用者在听话时都会下意识地根据对方使用的词组搭配去预测对方将要说出的话,口语交际中多使用固定搭配还可以弥补发音不准带来的不足,增强语言的可理解性。因此掌握词块是实现顺利交际的重要途径, 是外语学习者的主要任务之一。
在多年的大学英语教学中尝试过许多帮助学生增强词块意识, 掌握词块的方法,发现下列词块训练方法易于操作,学生反馈的效果较好。(1)让学生划出阅读文中的词块,对于水平较低的学生可以要求他们只划出名词 名词,动词 名词, 形容词 名词等由基本词构成的常用词块。这样既可增强词块意识又可熟悉常用词块。(2)教师可以从语料库中提取数行某词构成词块的索引行,展示词块出现的语境让学生去发现它组合的规律,可以更准确地掌握词的意义和用法。(3)教师给出一段文章,让学生快速浏览后进行词块完形练习,或将某些关键词块隐去,让学生根据上下文将其补全,既巩固了语言知识,又提高了语言应用能力。 (4)给出一组词或词组,让学生挑出其中不能与某个常用词构成地道搭配的词,能够较好地排除母语负迁移的影响。[6]其它形式的词块训练还包括:汉英词块配对练习,改正错误搭配练习,这样的练习可以让学生更好地了解英、汉语不同的搭配观念,消除错误印象,强化正确搭配。对于高水平的学生可以多做习语搭配的练习;另外在读文章或听文章、对话后多做概括大意训练,可以使短时记忆中的词块在语言输出中得到强化。
（人教版）必修2 Unit 4 Wildlife Protection 一课中出现的词块有：
1 decrease to 减少到 2. decrease by减少了
3. die out 灭亡 4. loss of缺少
5. in peace 和平地 6. in danger of 处于危险中
7. burst into laughter 突然大笑 8. protect…from…保护…不受(伤害)
9.appreciate doing sth 感激做某事 10. long before 很久以前
11.before long 很快，不久 12. come into being 形成
13.for sure 一定要，必须 14.so that 以致于，为了
15.in relief 如释重负，松了口气 16.pat attention to 注意
17.according to 按照，根据 18.in such a short time 在如此短的时间内
19. have an effect on 对…产生影响 20. succeed in doing sth 成功地做某事
4. 英语专业大学生如何注意和提取语块
不懂什么是语块
5. 英语语块的定义分类与功能
元语言就是用（已知）语言来解释(未知)语言,狭隘一点就好像paraphrase吧,例如在英语课堂的教学过程中有个新单词学生不懂就用学生能懂的单词来解释,例如metalanguage（元语言）我就告诉你metalanguage is something（words or expressions）used to describe language. 在扩展一下meta也就是元,除了元语言功能还有诸如元认知功能这样的说法,后者的意思是认知自己的认知的功能,这样应该比较好理解吧.总之元就是差不多是自对自的感觉
6. 帮忙积累一下英语的语块200条……
英语谚语大全
A close mouth catches no flies.病从口入
A constant guest is never welcome.常客令人厌
Actions speak louder than Words.事实胜于雄辩
Adversity leads to prosperity.穷则思变
Adversity makes a man wise, not rich.逆境出人才
A boaster and a liar are cousins-german.吹牛与说谎本是同宗
A bully is always a coward.色厉内荏
A burden of one's choice is not felt.爱挑的担子不嫌重
A candle lights others and consumes itself.蜡烛照亮别人，却毁灭了自己
A bad beginning makes a bad ending.不善始者不善终
A bad thing never dies.遗臭万年
A bad workman always blames his tools.不会撑船怪河弯
A bird in the hand is worth than two in the bush.一鸟在手胜过双鸟在林
A cat has 9 lives.猫有九条命
A fair death honors the whole life.死得其所，流芳百世
A faithful friend is hard to find.知音难觅
A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智
A fox may grow gray, but never good.江山易改，本性难移
A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情
A friend is easier lost than found.得朋友难，失朋友易
A friend is never known till a man has need.需要之时方知友
A friend without faults will never be found.没有十全十美的朋友
‘After you’ is good manners.“您先请”是礼貌
A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半
A good beginning makes a good ending.善始者善终
A good book is a good friend.好书如挚友
A good book is the best of friends, the same today and forever.一本好书，相伴一生
A good conscience is a soft pillow.不做亏心事，不怕鬼叫门
A good fame is better than a good face.美名胜过美貌
A good husband makes a good wife.夫善则妻贤
A good medicine tastes bitter.良药苦口
A good wife health is a man's best wealth.妻贤身体好是男人最大的财富
A great talker is a great liar.说大话者多谎言
A hedge between keeps friendship green.君子之交淡如水
A joke never gains an enemy but loses a friend.戏谑不能化敌为友，只能使人失去朋友
A leopard cannot change its spots.积习难改
A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth.说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信
A light heart lives long.静以修身
A little body often harbors a great soul.浓缩的都是精品
A little knowledge is a dangerous thing.一知半解，自欺欺人
A little pot is soon hot.狗肚子盛不得四两油
All are brave when the enemy flies.敌人逃窜时，人人都成了勇士
All good things come to an end.天下没有不散的筵席
All rivers run into sea.海纳百川
All roads lead to Rome.条条大路通罗马
All that ends well is well.结果好，就一切都好
All that glitters is not gold.闪光的不一定都是金子
All things are difficult before they are easy.凡事总是由难而易
All work and no play makes Jack a ll boy.只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻
A man becomes learned by aSKINg questions.不耻下问才能有学问
A man can do no more than he can.凡事都应量力而行
A man cannot spin and reel at the same time.一心不能二用
A man is known by his friends.什么人交什么朋友
A man of words and not of deeds is like a garden full of weeds.光说空话不做事，犹如花园光长刺
A man without money is no man at all.一分钱难倒英雄汉
A merry heart goes all the way.心旷神怡，事事顺利
A miss is as good as a mile.失之毫厘，差之千里
A mother's love never changes.母爱永恒
An apple a day keeps the doctor away.一天一苹果，不用请医生
A new broom sweeps clean.新官上任三把火
An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.以眼还眼，以牙还牙
An hour in the morning is worth two in the evening.一日之计在于晨
An old dog cannot learn new tricks.老狗学不出新把戏
An ounce of lUCk is better than a pound of wisdom.聪明才智，不如运气
An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.预防为主，治疗为辅
A rolling stone gathers no moss.滚石不生苔，转业不聚财
As a man sows, so he shall reap.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆
A single flower does not make a spring.一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园
A snow year, a rich year.瑞雪兆丰年
A sound mind in a sound body.健全的精神寓于健康的身体
A still tongue makes a wise head.寡言者智
A stitch in time saves nine.小洞不补，大洞吃苦
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.身正不怕影子斜
A wise head makes a close mouth.真人不露相，露相非真人
A word spoken is past recalling.一言既出，驷马难追
A year's plan starts with spring.一年之计在于春
A young idler, an old beggar.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲
Bad news has wings.好事不出门，坏事传千里
Barking dogs seldom bite.吠犬不咬人
Beauty lies in the love's eyes.情人眼里出西施
Be swift to hear, slow to speak.听宜敏捷，言宜缓行
Better late than never.不怕慢，单怕站
Better to ask the way than go astray.问路总比迷路好
Between friends all is common.朋友之间不分彼此
Birds of a feather flock together.物以类聚，人以群分
Blood is thicker than water.血浓于水
Blood will have blood.血债血偿
Books and friends should be few but good.读书如交友，应求少而精
Business is business.公事公办
Business is the salt of life.事业是人生的第一需要
By reading we enrich the mind, by conversation we polish it.读书使人充实，交谈使人精明
Cannot see the wood for the trees.一叶障目，不见泰山
Care and diligence bring luck.谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇
Caution is the parent of safety.小心驶得万年船
Cheats never prosper.骗人发不了财
Children are what the mothers are.耳濡目染，身教言传
Choose an author as you choose a friend.择书如择友
Come what may, heaven won't fall.做你的吧，天塌不下来
Complacency is the enemy of study.学习的敌人是自己的满足
Confidence in yourself is the first step on the road to success.自信是走向成功的第一步
Constant dripping wears away a stone.水滴石穿，绳锯木断
Content is better than riches.知足者常乐
Count one's chickens before they are hatched.蛋未孵先数雏
Courtesy on one side only lasts not long.来而不往非礼也
Creep before you walk.循序渐进
Cry for the moon.海底捞月
Custom makes all things easy.有个好习惯，事事皆不难
Diamond cuts diamond.强中自有强中手
Do as the Romans do.入乡随俗
Do as you would be done by.己所不欲，勿施于人
Doing is better than saying.与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上
Do it now.机不可失，时不再来
Do nothing by halves.凡事不可半途而废
Don't claim to know what you don't know.不要不懂装懂
Don't have too many irons in the fire.不要揽事过多
Don't make a mountain out of a molehill.不要小题大做
Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事，今日毕
Don't put the cart before the horse.不要本末倒置
Don't trouble trouble until trouble troubles you.不要自找麻烦
Don't try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.不要班门弄斧
Do well and have well.善有善报
Each bird love to hear himself sing.孤芳自赏
Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.早睡早起身体好
Easier said than done.说得容易，做得难
Easy come, easy go.来也匆匆，去也匆匆
Eat to live, but not live to eat.人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭
Empty vessels make the greatest sound.实磨无声空磨响，满瓶不动半瓶摇
Envy has no holidays.忌妒之人无宁日
Even Homer sometimes nods.智者千虑，必有一失
Even reckoning makes long friends.亲兄弟，明算账
Every advantage has its disadvantage.有利必有弊
Everybody's business is nobody's business.人人负责，等于没人负责
Every day is not Sunday.好景不常在
Every dog has his day.谁都有得意的时候
Every door may be shut, but death's door.人生在世，唯死难逃
Every heart has its own sorrow.各人有各人的苦恼
Every little helps a mickle.聚沙成塔，集腋成裘
Every man for himself, and the devil takes the hindmost.人不为己，天诛地灭
Every man has his faults.金无足赤，人无完人
Every man has his hobbyhorse.萝卜青菜，各有所爱
Every man has his weak side.人人都有弱点
Every man is the architect of his own fortune.自己的命运自己掌握
Every minute counts.分秒必争
Every mother's child is handsome.孩子是自己的好
Every potter praises hit pot.王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸
Everything is good when new, but friends when old.东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲
Example is better then percept.说一遍，不如做一遍
EXPerience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母
Experience must be bought.吃一堑，长一智
Fact speak louder than words.事实胜于雄辩
Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母
False friends are worse than bitter enemies.明枪易躲，暗箭难防
Far from eye, far from heart.眼不见，心不烦
Far water does not put out near fire.远水救不了近火
Faults are thick where love is thin.一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼
Fear always springs from ignorance.恐惧源于无知
Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.隔墙有耳
Fire and water have no mercy.水火无情
Fire is a good servant but a bad master.火是一把双刃剑
First come, first served.先来后到
First impressions are half the battle.初次见面，印象最深
First think and then speak.先想后说
Fools grow without watering.朽木不可雕
Fool's haste is no speed.欲速则不达
Fools has fortune.呆人有呆福
Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问
Forbidden fruit is sweet.禁果格外香
Fortune favors those who use their judgement.机遇偏爱善断之人
Fortune knocks once at least at every man's gate.风水轮流转
Four eyes see more than two.集思广益
Friends agree best at distance.朋友之间也会保持距离
Friends are thieves of time.朋友是时间的窃贼
Friends must part.再好的朋友也有分手的时候
Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.天才不过是勤奋而已
Give a dog a bad name and hang him.众口铄金，积毁销骨
God helps those who help themselves.自助者天助
Gold will not buy anything.黄金并非万能
Good for good is natural, good for evil is manly.以德报德是常理，以德报怨大丈夫
Good health is over wealth.健康是最大的财富
Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.良药苦口利于病
Good watch prevents misfortune.谨慎消灾
Great barkers are no biters.好狗不挡道
Great hopes make great man.伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物
Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同
Great men have great faults.英雄犯大错误
Great men's sons seldom do well.富不过三代
Great trees are good for nothing but shade.大树底下好乘凉
Great wits have short memories.贵人多忘事
Greedy folks have long arms.心贪手长
Guilty consciences make men cowards.做贼心虚
7. nattinger 和decarrico语块分类是什么时候提出的
1992，Nattinger和Decarrico认为语块是英语中一种特殊的多词词汇现象，介于语法和词汇的两极之间，由两个和两个以上的单词组成。Nattinger和Decarrico把语块分为以下四种类型： 聚合词语，习惯表达方式，限制性短语，句子构造型短语。