大学英语主谓一致
① 有关于英语的谓语问题
二、英语时态形式:(以动词work为例)
时态 过去 现在 将来 过去将来
一般 worked work works shall/will work should/would work
进行 was/were working am/is/are working shall/will be working
完成 had worked have/has worked shall/will have worked
语态有两种:主动语态和被动语态。
② 大学英语
一 状语从句的种类
§ 1状语从句的种类
用来修饰谓语动词、其它动词、定语、状语或整个句子的从句叫做状语从句。状语从句可分为:
1.时间状语从句;(adverbial clause of time)
2.地点状语从句;(adverbial clause of place)
3.原因状语从句;(adverbial clause of cause)
4.条件状语从句;(adverbial clause of condition)
5.目的状语从句;(adverbial clause of purpose)
6.让步状语从句;(adverbial clause of concession)
7.比较状语从句;(adverbial clause of comparison)
8.程度状语从句;(adverbial clause of degree)
9.方式状语从句;(adverbial clause of manner)
10.结果状语从句。(adverbial clause of result)
§2状语从句的时态特点
一般情况下,时间和条件状语从句的谓语动词一般用“一般现在时”表示“一般将来时”,用“现在完成时”表示“将来完成时”。例如:
I will call you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就给你打电话。(这是由as soon as引导的时间状语从句,从句中的谓语动词arrive是一般现在时,表示一般将来时,决不可用will arrive)
As soon as I have finished this work, I will go home. 我一完成此工作,就回家。(从句中的谓语动词用现在完成时have finished,表示将来完成时,决不可用will have finished)
If he comes back, please let me know.如果他回来了,请通知我。(从句中的谓语动词用comes back,表示一般将来时,决不可用will come back)
二 时间状语从句
§3时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)
1.由when, while, as引导的时间状语从句。例如:
When you think you know nothing, then you begin to know something.当你以为自己一无所知的时候,你就是在开始知道一些事物了。
When truth is buried under the ground it grows, it chokes, it gathers such an explosive force that on the day it bursts out , it blows up everything with it.当真理被埋在地下的时候,它在生长,它感到压抑,它蓄存着这么一种爆炸性力量,一旦冒出,它就会炸破一切!
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Will you watch my clothes while I have a swim. 我游泳的时候,请你照看一下我的衣服。
You can feel the air moving as your hand pushes through it. 当你的手在空气中挥动的时候,你就能感觉到空气在流动。
Our headmaster laughed as she spoke.我们的校长边谈边笑。
【区别】when, while和as的区别:when引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。并且when有时表示“就在那时”。例如:
When she came in, I stopped eating.她进来时,我在吃饭。(瞬时动词)
When I lived in the countryside, I used to carry some water for him.当的住在农村时,我常常为他担水。(延续性的动词)
We were about to leave when he came in.我们就要离开,就在那时他进来了。
While引导的从句的谓语动作必须是延续性的,并强调主句和从句的动作同时发生(或者相对应)。并且while有时还可以表示对比。例如:
While my wife was reading the newspaper, I was watching TV. (was reading是延续性的动词,was reading和was watching同时发生)
I like playing football while you like playing basketball.我喜欢踢足球,而你喜欢打篮球。(对比)
As表示“一边……一边”,as引导的动作是延续性的动作,一般用于主句和从句动作同时发生;as也可以强调“一先一后。例如:
We always sing as we walk.我们总是边走边唱。(as表示“一边……一边”)
As we was going out, it began to snow.当我们出门时,开始下雪了。(as强调句中两个动作紧接着先后发生,而不强调开始下雪的特定时间)
2.由before和after引导的时间状语从句。注意before引导的从句不再用否定式的谓语,并且当before引导的从句位于主句之后,有时译成“就,才”。还要注意主句和从句之间的时间关系。当主句用将来时,从句总是用现在时;如果before引导的从句谓语用的是过去时,则主句动词多用过去完成时,这样以便体现动作发生的先后。After表示主句动作发生在从句动作之后。主句和从句的动作的时间关系正好与before引导的从句相反。例如:
It will be four days before they come back. 他们要过四天才能回来。
Einstein almost knocked me down before he saw me.爱因斯坦几乎把我撞倒才看到我。
My father had left for Canada just before the letter arrived.我父亲恰好在信到之前去加拿大了。
They had not been married four months before they were divorced. 他们结婚还不到四个月就离婚了。
After you think it over, please let me know what you decide.你仔细考虑过以后,告诉我你是怎样决定的。
After we had finished the work, we went home.完成工作之后,我们回家了。(从句用过去完成时,主句用一般过去时)
3.由till或until引导的时间状语从句。till和until一般情况下两者可以互换,但是在强调句型中多用until。并且要注意的是:如果主句中的谓语动词是瞬时动词时,必须用否定形式;如果主句中的谓语动词是延续性动词时,用肯定或否定形式都可以,但表达的意思不同。例如:
I didn't go to bed until(till) my father came back.直到我父亲回来我才上床睡觉。
It was not until the meeting was over that he began to teach me English.直到散会之后他才开始教我英语。
I worked until he came back.我工作到他回来为止。
I didn't work until he came back.他回来我这才开始工作。
Please wait until I arrived.在我到达之前请等我。
4.由since引导的时间状语从句。 since引导的从句的谓语动词可以是延续性的动词,又可以是瞬时动词。一般情况下,从句谓语动词用一般过去时,而主句的谓语动词用现在完成时。但在It is +时间+since从句的句型中,主句多用一般现在时。例如:
I have been in Beijing since you left. 自从你离开以来,我一直在北京了。
Where have you been since I last saw you? 自上次我和你见面以后,你到哪里去了?
It is four years since my sister lived in Beijing. 我妹妹不在北京住有四年了。
It is five months since our boss was in Beijing.我们老板离开北京有五个月了。
5.由as soon as, immediately, directly, instantly, the moment, the instant, the minute, 等引导的时间状语从句。这些连词都表示“一……就”。例如:
I will go there directly I have finished my breakfast. 吃完早饭,我立即到那里去。
The moment I heard the news, I hastened to the spot.我一听到消息,马上赶到了出事地点。
As soon as I reach Canada, I will ring you up. 我一到加拿大,就给你来电话。
【注意】hardly(scarcely, rarely)…when / before, no sooner…than相当于as soon as之意。主句用过去完成时,从句用一般过去时。当hardly, scarcely, rarely和no sooner位于句首时,主句应用倒装语序。例如:
He had no sooner arrived home than he was asked to start on another journey. 他刚到家,就被邀请开始另一旅程。
No sooner had the sun shown itself above the horizon than he got out of bed to commence work.太阳刚从地平线上升起,他就起床劳动去了。
Hardly had I sat down when he stepped in.我刚坐下,他就进来了。
He had hardly fallen asleep when he felt a soft touch on his shoulder.这个阿拉伯人刚要入睡就感到肩膀上被轻轻一触。
6.由by the time引导的时间状语从句。注意时态的变化:在一般情况下,如果从句的谓语动词用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词用过去完成时;如果主句的谓语动词用一般现在时,主句的谓语动词用将来完成时。例如:
By the time you came back, I had finished this book.到你回来时,我已经写完这本书了。
By the time you come here tomorrow, I will have finished this work. 你明天来这儿的时候,我将已经完成此工作了。
7.由each time, every time和whenever引导的时间状语从句。例如:
Each time he came to Harbin, he would call on me. 他每次来哈尔滨,总是来看我。
Whenever that man says“To tell the truth”, I suspect that he's about to tell a lie.每当那个人说“说实在话”的时候,我猜想他就要说谎了。
You grow younger every time I see you. 每次遇到你,见你更年轻了。
8.由as long as和so long as引导的时间状语从句。这两个连词表示“有多久……就多久”。例如:
You can go where you like as long as you get back before dark. 你可以随意到哪里去,只要在天黑以前回来就行。
I will fight against these conditions as long as there is a breath in my body! 只要我一息尚存,我就要反对这种境况。
三 地点状语从句
§4地点状语从句 (adverbial clause of place)
地点状语从句一般由连接副词where, wherever等引导,已经形成了固定的句型,例如:
句型1:Where+地点从句,(there)+主句。
【注意】此句型通常译成“哪里……哪里就……”;主句在从句后面时,there可用可不用;如果主句在从句的前面时,一般都不用there。例如:
Where there is no rain, farming is difficult or impossible.在没有雨水的地方,耕作是困难的,或根本不可能的。
They were good persons. Where they went, there they were warmly welcomed. 他们都是好人。因此他们走到哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
You should have put the book where you found it. 你本来应该把书放回原来的地方。
Where the Communist Party of China goes, there the people are liberated.哪里有了中国共产党,哪里人民得解放。
句型2:Anywhere/ wherever+地点从句,+主句。
【注意】anywhere本身是个副词,但是,常可以引导从句,相当于连词,意思相似于wherever, anywhere引导的从句可位于主句之前,也可以位于主句之后。 而wherever本身就是个连词,表示“在何处,无论何处”。例如:
Wherever the sea is , you will find seamen.有海就有海员
③ 请把英语中的主谓一致的用法归纳一下好嘛,谢谢了
主谓一致的定义
主谓一致指的是主语和谓语在人称和数的方面取得一致的问题。
主语若是复数,谓语也采用复数形式。
主语若是单数或是不可数名词,谓语采用单数形式。
主谓一致的分类
主谓一致分为两大类:就近一致原则和意义一致原则。
就近一致原则指的是,以靠近谓语动词的,作主语的名词作为人称和数的参考标准。
意义一致原则指的是,必须分析主语属于单数或是复数,可数或是不可数,然后才能决定谓语动词的人称和数的形式。
就近一致原则(1)
连词not only...but also/ neither...nor/ or/ either...or/ not...but
<><><>
Not only the students but also the teacher is enjoying the film.
不仅学生而且老师都在津津乐道地看着电影。
Neither the students nor the teacher knows anything about it.
同学们和老师对此都一无所知。
Neither he nor they are wholly right.
他和他们,谁都不是完全对的。
Either he or I am right.
或者他对,或者我对。
就近一致原则(2)
副词here/ there
<><><>
Here comes the bus.
瞧,公共汽车来了。
Here is a pencil-box for you.
这儿有一个铅笔盒要给你。
Here are my replies to your questions.
这些是我针对你的问题的回答。
There is an apple, two bananas and some oranges on the plates.
盘子里有一个苹果,两条香蕉和一些桔子。
主谓一致:and
and的两边分别是不同的可数名词。
John and Mary are my friends.
约翰和玛丽都是我的朋友。
<><><>
and的两边分别是不同的不可数名词。
Both rice and wheat are grown in China.
中国有种水稻也有种小麦。
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and的两边的单词构成一个统一的概念。
Fish and chips is a popular supper here.
炸鱼土豆片在这里是一种很受欢迎的晚餐。(鱼和土豆片作为整体)
The poet and writer has come.
那位诗人兼作家来了。(同一个人既是诗人又是作家)
<><><>
each(every) + 单数名词 + and + each(every) + 单数名词
谓语动词用单数
Every hour and every minute is important.
每一小时,每一分钟,都很重要。
主谓一致:with...
“主语 + 后置定语”谓语动词只看主语,不看后置定语部分。
引起这种后置定语的单词有:
with, along with, together with, as well as, like, rather than, but,
except, besides, including, in addition to。
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The teacher with two students was at the meeting.
那位老师还有两个学生参加会议。
I as well as they am ready to help you.
不仅他们乐以帮助你,我也乐以帮助你。
A woman with two children is over there at the bus stop.
一个妇女还有两个孩子在公共汽车站那儿。
主谓一致:to do, doing
主语是由不定式、动名词、从句构成的,谓语动词采用单数。
To learn a foreign language is not easy.
It’s not easy to learn a foreign language.
学外语不容易。
Working with you is pleasant.
It’s pleasant working with you.
同你一块工作是令人愉快的。
The building whose roof we can see from here is a hotel.
我们从这儿就能看到屋顶的那座楼房就是旅馆。
主谓一致:police
police 警察/ militia民兵/ people人们/ vermin 害虫/ cattle 牲畜/ poultry 家禽
<><><>
这类集体名词的后面常接复数的谓语动词。
The police are questioning everyone in the house.
警察正在盘问房间里的每一个人。
Domestic cattle provide us with milk, beef, and hides.
家牛为我们提供牛奶、牛肉和皮革。
主谓一致:family
army军队/ data 数据/ jury 陪审团/ audience 观众/ enemy 敌人/ media 媒体
bacteria 细菌/ family 家庭/ navy 海军/ committee 委员会/ flock 羊群
nobility 贵族/ community 共同体/ firm 商号/ party 政党/ company 公司
gang 一群/ press 新闻界/ council 理事会/ government 政府/ public 公众
couple 对、双/ group 组/ staff 全体职员/ crew 全体人员/ herd 牧群/ team 队
<><><>
这类集体名词可以用作单数也可以用作复数。如果把"family"看成家庭成员,谓语用复数。如果把"family"看成一个整体,谓语用单数。
<><><>
His family are waiting for him.
他的家人正在等他。(把"family"看成家庭成员)
I've got to make it clear that my family was very poor.
我得说清楚,我的家是很穷的。(把"family"看成一个整体)
主谓一致:furniture
mankind 人类/ furniture 家具/ foliage 植物
clothing 衣服/ machinery 机械/ merchandise 货物
这类集体名词只能用作单数形式,因为它们属不可数名词。
<><><>
Our clothing protects us from cold.
衣服保护我们免受寒冻。
Then the furniture was moved in.
然后家具被搬进来。
主谓一致:trousers
glasses眼睛/ spectacles眼睛/ scissors剪刀/ shorts短裤/
trousers裤子/ pajamas睡衣
Where are my pajamas? 我的睡衣在哪里?
My trousers are too long. 我的裤子太长了。
<><><>
shoe鞋子/ glove手套/ sock袜子/
目前的教辅把shoes归入和trousers同一类,这样作对于高考没有大碍。不过两者的不同之处在以后的大学课堂中还需明辨。
主谓一致:the old
名词化的形容词作主语时要看主语的具体情况。
一. 看作复数
The wounded were sent home.
伤员被送回家。(指一批人,动词用复数。)
The old are taken good care of here.
这儿的老人受到很好的照顾。(一批人)
二. 看作单数
The true is to be distinguished from the false.
真假必须辨明。(抽象的概念,看成单数。)
The accused was punished to prison.
那个被告被判入狱。(一个人)
主谓一致:two years
时间、金钱、路程的名词
虽是用复数形式作主语,谓语动词仍然要用单数形式。
Two years is enough.
两年就够了。
A hundred miles is a long distance.
一百英里是一段很长的距离。
主谓一致:percent
分数和百分数的词作主语时,以“of 短语”中的名词为判断标准。
Thirty percent of the grain is used to feed animals.
百分之三十的粮食用来饲养牲口。
Ninety percent of the smokers are male.
百分之九十的吸烟者是男性。
主谓一致:each
以下列不定代词作主语的句子谓语动词用单数:
either, neither, each, one, the other, another, anybody, anyone, anything,
somebody, someone, something, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody,
no one, nothing(含有单数意义的不定代词)
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Neither of those men is wrong.
那两个人都没有错。
Each of the books costs ten dollars.
每一本书花费10美元。
Somebody is using the phone.
有人在用电话。
④ 主谓一致 的几道英语题目
第一题D NOne of them is等于all of them are not,所以要用aren't they
第二题have ,each放在复数名词之后只起强调作用,真正的主语还是前面的复数名词.
第三题C little和much这里都是不定代词,只能用第三称单数
楼上不要误导呀
Little is also a pronoun.
In general, employers do little to help the single working mother...
Little is known about his childhood.
Much is also a pronoun.
...eating too much and drinking too much...
There was so much to talk about.
≠ little
以上摘自collins字典第五版,例句都可以看出much和little做代词时用第三人称单数
⑤ 英语语法里主谓一致的问题
【意义一致原则(Notional Concord)】
I. 集合名词做主语时:(参见“名词”部分)
1. 有些通常作复数用(不变词形)。如:“people , police , cattle (牛,牲口),folk , youth , militia (民兵)”,等。e.g.
The police have caught the murderer .警方已捕获凶手。
2. 有些指“整体”时作单数,指其中的“成员”时作复数(不变词形)。如 "army , audience(听众),class ,club (俱乐部) ,company(公司), committee(委员会) ,crew ,crowd ,staff(员工) ,family ,public ,government ,group ,party ,union ,couple ,population ,team ."等。e.g.
①Our family is a happy one . 我们有个幸福的家庭。
②The family are early risers. 这家人都起得早。
③The public are (is) requested not to litter. 请公众不要乱扔废弃物。
但上述集合名词也可有复数形式。如:families , two classes .等。有些变复数形式后意义不同。如:peoples多个民族。 youths男青年。 folks亲友。
II. 代词做主语时:(参见“代词”部分)
1. 不定代词"each ,one , much, (a)little ,either ,neither ,another ,the other(+单名)"等常作单数用。它们所修饰的主语也作单数。e.g.
①Each of the girls (Each girl) has a new hat . 每个女孩都有顶新帽子。
②Neither plan suits me .③Neither of the plans suits / suit me . 两个计划都不适合我。
2. 下列复合不定代词一般作单数用:“someone ,somebody ,something ,anybody ,anyone ,anything ,everybody ,everyone ,everything ,nobody ,no one ,nothing ”等。e.g.
①Is everybody here ? 都到齐了吗?
②There was nothing special then. 那时没什么特别情况。
3. 下列不定代词作复数用:“(a)few ,many ,several, both”等。e.g.
①Few (of the guests ) were familiar to us . 没几个(客人)是我们熟识的。
②Both / Both (of ) these are interesting . 两部影片都有趣。
4下列代词须视其“具体所指”来决定单、复数:
1)“what ,which ,who ,whose ”等。e.g.
①Who is your brother ?你兄弟是谁?
②Who are League Members .哪些是团员?
2)"all , some ,more ,most ,any ,none ,a lot(of ), lots (of ),"等。e.g.
①All (of the students ) are working hard .(所有的学生)都在用功。
②All (of the paint ) is fine .(这些油漆)都很好。
3)"half(of), plenty (of), the rest(of), (a)part(of), the remainder(of )余下的)",等。e.g.
①Half of the apples are bad .苹果中有一半是坏的。
②Half of the apple is bad .这只苹果坏了一半。
Ⅲ.“数词”、“数量、单位”等词语做主语时:(参见“数词”部分。)
1. 表示“运算”的数词通常作单数 。e.g.
Ten times four makes(make) forty .+ 乘以四得四十。
2.表“时间、距离、金额、度量衡”等的词语,作“整体”看时作单数用,侧重指“若干单位”时作复数用。e.g.
①Twenty years is not a long time . 二十年光阴,弹指一挥间。
②Twenty years have passed since he left. 他离开已二十个年头了。
3.“分数、百分数”通常依其“具体所指”来决定单、复数。e.g.
①About 40 percent / two-fifths of the books here are (is) worth reading . 这些书中百分之四十/五分之二值得读。
②Only sixty percent / three-fifths of the work was done yesterday .昨天只干完了百分之六十/五分之三的工作。
4. "a number of (许多)/ a variety of (各式各样) "+复数名词,常作复数用。e.g.
①A number of students in this class are (is) from Sichuan . 这个班有不少同学来自四川。
②There are a variety of toys in this shop.这家商店有各种各样的玩具。
但是,“the number(数目)/ the variety(种类)”+ of + 复数名词,作单数。e.g.
①The number of students in this college has doubled . 这所大学的学生人数翻了一番。
②The variety of goods in this shop is rich . 这家商店货物品种丰富。
Ⅳ.单、复数同形或易混的词做主语时:(参见“名词”部分)
1.以“-ics”结尾的学科名词:指教育、科研的某一学科,作单数。e.g.
Mathematics seems easy to me .我似乎觉得数学不难。
但是,表“具体的学业、活动”等时,多用作复数。e.g.
①Her mathematics are weak . 她数学差。(指“学业成绩、能力”)
②What are your politics? 你的政治观点如何?
2. “works工厂,means方法,series系列,species物种,aircraft飞机”等名词单、复数同形,要从上下文判断其具体意义来决定单、复数。e.g.
①This works was(These works were)built two years ago . 这(几)家工厂是两年前修建的。
②Every means has (All means have) been tried. 各种办法都试过了。
这类名词通常还有“fish ,deer ,sheep ,headquarters (总部驻地),bellows(风箱), plastics, gallows (绞架), manners(礼貌) ,whereabouts (行踪), ”等。(但news(消息)是不可数名词,通常只作单数用。)
Ⅴ. "the + 形容词/分词"做主语时:
1. 指“一类”人或事物时,常用作复数用。e.g.
①The English speak English. 英国人讲英语。
②The rejected were heaped in the corner. 废品堆在角落里。
2.指“某一个”人,或“抽象的”事物时,作单数用。e.g.
①The deceased was his father . 去世的是他父亲。
②The agreeable is not always the useful. 好看的不一定中用。
③The new and progressive always wins over the old. 新生、进步的事物总是要战胜旧的东西。
Ⅵ.专用名词做主语时:
1.“书名、剧名、报刊名、国家名”等通常作单数用。e.g.
①The United States was founded in 1776. 美国成立于1776年。
②The Arabian Nights is very interesting. 《天方夜谭》很有趣。
2.“书刊名”有时作单数或复数两可,尤其是编成集子的书。e.g.
Dickens' American Notes were (was ) published in 1842 .
狄更斯所著的《美国笔记》出版于1842年。
Ⅶ“what等引导的从句”做主语时:
1. 大多作单数用。e.g.
①What we need is more practice . 我们需要的是更多的实践。
②What he says doesn't agree with what he does. 他言行不一致。
2.若从句是含复数意义的并列结构、或“表语”是复数时,谓语动词用单数或复数两可。e.g.
①What you say and think is /are no business of mine . 你怎么说以及怎么想,不关我的事。
②What he bought was /were some books. 他所买的是几本书。
【语法一致原则】
I .主语的“人称”决定谓语动词的形式。e.g.
①I love / She loves music . 我/ 她爱好音乐。
②Are your mother a worker? (误)你母亲是工人吗?
Is your mother a worker? (正)(主语your mother 是单数第三人称)
II .主语的“数”决定谓语动词的形式。
1.“不可数名词、可数名词单数、单数代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)”或“从句”等做主语,用单数谓语形式。e.g.
①The work is important . 这项工作重要。
②To serve the country is our ty. 为祖国服务是我们的义务。
③How and why he left was a sad story. 他离开的经过和原因是一段伤心的经历。
2. 复数的名词、代词一般接复数谓语形式。e.g.
①The children are taken good care of . 孩子们得到很好的照料。
②They have gone to Cheng . 他们去成都了。
III. 以“and”或“both… and”连接的并列主语:
1.通常作复数用 。e.g.
①Plastics and rubber never rot . 塑料和橡胶从不腐烂。
②What he says and what he does do not agree. 他言行不一致。
③Both Tom and I are fond of medicine. 我和汤姆都喜欢医学。
2. 如果并列主语指的是“同一个”人(事、物、抽象概念),作单数用。e.g.
①The worker and writer has come . 这位工人作家来了。
②A cart and horse was seen in the distance. 远处能看见有一套马车。
③Truth and honesty is the best policy. 真诚是最好的策略。
3. “and”前、后的单数词语都有“each, every ,many ,a ,no”等修饰时,仍作单数用。e.g.
①Every boy and every girl enjoys equal rights here.这里每个男孩和每个女孩都享有平等权益。
②No teacher and no student is excused from taking part in the activity .没有哪个教师或学生可以免于参加这项活动。
Ⅳ. 主语前、后加表“数、量”等的修饰语时:
1. a)“many a + 单名 ”接单数谓语:“a good (great ) many + 复名”接复数谓语。e.g.
①Many a fine man has died for it . 许多优秀战士为此献出了生命。
②A great many parents were present at the meeting. 许多家长出席了会议。
b)"a / an + 单名+ or two " 大多接单数谓语: "one or two + 复名"接复数谓语。e.g.
①Only a word or two is (are )needed. 只需说一两句。
②One or two reasons were suggested. 提出一两条理由。
c)"a / an + 单名+ and a half"常接单数谓语;“one and a half +复名”多接复数谓语。e.g.
①A year and a half has passed . 一年半已过去了。
②One and a half tons of rice are sold. 已卖了一吨半大米。
d) "more than one + 单名"大多接单数谓语。e.g.
①More than one person was (were )absent . 不止一个人缺席。
"more + 复名+ than one "接复数谓语。e.g.
②More students than one have been there . 不止一个学生去过那儿。
"More than two (three…) +复名 " 接复数谓语。e.g.
③More than one hundred students have attended the concert . 不止一百名学生听了这场音乐会。
2 ,主语前加表示“单位、度量”的短语如“a kind (sort / type / form /pair /cup /glass /piece / load / block / box / handful / quantity / ton / metre /… )of”等时,表示“单位、度量”的这个名词的单复数决定谓语形式。e.g.
a)①There is only a small quantity of paper (books ) left . 只剩下少量的纸(书)了。
②Large quantities of water are needed. 需要大量的水。
b)①This kind of apple is sweet . 这种苹果甜。
②This kind of apples is (are) sweet. (大多依 kind ,作单数用 )
③These kind(s) of apple(s) are sweet . (总作复数用)
但:Apples of this kind are sweet. (总作复数用)
3. 主语后接“with…”等构成的短语修饰成分时:谓语仍须与这类短语前的“主语”一致。可构成这类短语的常用“with ,along with ,together with ,as well as , but , besides , except ,added to , including , like ,no less than , rather than , more than ”等。e.g.
①A woman with two children has come . 一位妇女带着两个孩子来了。
②I as well as they am ready to help you. 不仅他们,我也愿帮助你。
4. "one of + 复数名词+ 定语从句":
1)定语从句的先行词通常是这个“复数名词”,因此从句的谓语用复数形式。e.g.
①This is one of the best novels that have appeared this year . 这是今年出版的最佳小说之一。(关系词“that”代“novels”)
②He was one of the boys who were praised . 他是受表扬的男孩之一。
2)若“one”前加“this, the ,the only ”等时,定语从句的关系词指代one,作从句主语时,接单数谓语。e.g.
He was the only one of the boys who was praised .他是男孩中唯一受到表扬的。(关系词who 代 the only one )
⑥ 英语问题,主谓一致的优先原则是怎么回事
主谓一致指的是句子的谓语动词与其主语在数上必须保持一致,句子的主语是第三人称单数时,其谓语需用单数形式;主语是复数时,则谓语动词用其复数形式。一、主谓一致的三原则 英语中的主谓一致主要遵循三个原则:语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近原则。这三个原则常常发生矛盾,当发生冲突时,意义一致原则则为优先考虑的原则。1、语法一致原则 主语和谓语通常是从语法形式上取得一致,即主语是单数形式,谓语动词也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语动词也采取复数形式。例:Mr. Black is a well-know scientist on AIDS.布莱克先生是著名的艾滋病科学家。These books are intended for children under nine years old.这些书是专门为九岁以下的儿童设计的。2、意义一致原则 所谓意义一致原则是指谓语动词的变化是以主语表达的单、复数概念而定的。例:Three moths has passed since you left.(three months表示单数概念。)自你走后已有三个月了The professor and writer is invited to many universities to deliver lectures.(教授与作家是同一个人,是单数。)这位教授兼作家被邀请到很多大学作报告。The old are very well taken care of in our city.(the old是指所有老年人,指一类人,是复数概念。)老年人在我们城市被照顾得很好。3、就近原则 就近原则是指谓语动词的变化是以靠近谓语动词的主语部分而定。例:Neither his parents nor he himself is a bank clerk.(根据靠近谓语的主语he而定。)他父母和他本人都不是银行职员。Not Jack but his parents are to blame for the home.(根据靠近谓语的主语his parents而定。)不是杰克二十他父母应为这个家庭事故负责。
二、单一主语的情况 单一主语指的是由一个中心名词或名词短语构成的主语。其主语与谓语一致情况如下。1、不定代词作主语⑴不定代词作主语 不定代词either,neither,each,one,the other,another,someone,somebody,something,anyone,anybody,anything,everyone,everybody ,everything,nothing,no one,nothing等作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。例:Someone has parked the car in the way.有人把车停在了路上,挡住了去路。注意:none作主语时如果指人或可数的物,指数目,谓语动词单复数形式皆可;如果指不可数指量,谓语动词用单数。例:None of the students has\have made mistakes this time.这次没有一个学生犯错误。Jimmy has used up all the money.None is left.吉米把所有的钱都用光了,一点没留。⑵neither\either of…作主语 neither\either of+复数名词或复数形式的代词,谓语动词可用单数,也可用复数。例:Either of the two stories is \ are interesting.这两个故事都很有趣。Neither of us has \ have received postcards this Christmas.今年圣诞节我们两人谁也没收到贺卡。⑶the other two(…)等短语作主语 the other two(…),the other three(…),another two(…),both等作主语,谓语动词用复数。例:I keep only one apple for myself,and the other two are yours.我只留了一个苹果,另外两个给你。Five people come to help,but anther three were still needed.已经有五个人来帮忙了,但我们还需要另外三个。I'm very delighted that both are what we need.我们很高兴两个都是我们所需要的。⑷all作主语指人时,谓语动词用富士,指物时常用单数。例:All are present besides the professor.所有的人都出席了,包括All is going on very well.一切顺利。⑸each修饰的名词作主语 由each修饰的名词作主语,each谓语复数主语后或主语前,不影响谓语动词的数例:Each student has a walkman which helps them improve their listening.每个学生都有一个单放机,这对提高他们的听力大有帮助。⑹such作主语时谓语动词的单复数形式应根据其意义而定。2、集合名词作主语⑴谓语动词只能用复数的情况 有些集体名词,如people,cattle,police等形式上是单数,但意义上是复数,谓语动词需用复数。⑵谓语动词单复数皆可的情况 集合名词,如audience(观众),army,class,crew(船员)等作主语时,若作为一个整体看待,谓语用单数;若着眼于组成该集体的一个个成员或个体时,谓语就该用复数。⑶表示国家、民族的名词作主语的情况 有些以-sh,-ese,-ch结尾的表示国家、民族的形容词与the连用时表示复数含义,谓语动词用复数。3、以复数形式结尾的特殊名词作主语⑴以-ics结尾的学科名称名词作主语 以-ics结尾的标识机学科名称的名词作主语时,谓语用单数。例:Mathematics is the science of numbers.数学史关于数字的学科。注意: 以-ics结尾是表示学科名称的名词作主语时,若改变词义表示学可能力士,则用复数形式。例:Her mathematics are weak.他的数学能力很差。⑵形式上是复数形式的专有名词作主语 专有名词如国名、任命、书名、组织机构等作主语时,形式上即使是复数,谓语动词也要用单数。⑶以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等作主语 以-s结尾的海峡、山脉、群岛等作主语时,谓语动词常用复数形式。⑷以复数形式结尾的其他名词作主语①谓语动词只能用复数形式 此类名词有:savings储蓄belongings财产、所有物、相关事物earnings所得,收入thanks 感激goods货物leavings剩余、残渣clothes衣服②单复数同形的名词作主语 下面这些名词作主语时,谓语动词根据其单复数而定:means方法、手段works工厂sheep鹿crossroads十字路口4、含有修饰语的名词作主语⑴含有量词的名词作主语①量词修饰由对应两个部分组成的名词一些由两个对应部分组成一体的复数名词,如trousers,pants,glasses,scissors等作主语,前面若无a pair of,a suit of,a set of ,a series of等这类的单位词时,通常作复数用。若带有单位词,则由单位词的复数决定谓语动词的单复数形式。②特殊量词修饰普通名词含有像pile(堆),mountain(如山一样),row(排),mass(很多),cup,basket, box,等修饰的短语作主语时,谓语动词根据修饰语的单复数形式而定⑵a group of和a couple of修饰复数名词 此时谓语动词用复数形式。⑶a number of,意为“许多”,修饰可数名词复数时谓语动词一般也用复数:the number of意思为“……的数目”,作主语时,谓语只用单数。⑷several等词作主语或修饰名词作主语 只修饰可数名词的量词several,a few,quite a few,a great many(of…)作主语时,谓语动词应用复数形式;其修饰名词作主语时,谓语动词也应用复数形式。⑸some等词作主语或其修饰的名词作主语注意: a quantity (of),(large)quantities(of)作主语或修饰的名词作主语时,其谓语动词根据quantities的单复数形式而定。 some,plenty of,a lot(of),lots(of)等词即可修饰可数名词,又可修饰不可数名词,其谓语的形式应根据其所修饰的词而定。⑹修饰不可数名词的量词作主语胡修饰名词作主语 a great\good deal(of),a little,quite a little,a large amout(of)等修饰不可数名词的量词作主语时,其谓语动词只用单数形式。⑺more(…)than one修饰的名词作主语 “more than one+单数名词”尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语也需用单数以符合语法上一致的原则。在“more+复数名词than one"结构之后,谓语常用复数。注意: more than one hundred指代复数作主语或修饰的可数名词复数作主语is,谓语动词用复数形式。⑻many a修饰的名词作主语 ”many a+单数名词“作主语,尽管意义上是复数,但因中心词是单数形式,谓语也需用单数以符合语法上一致的原则。⑼one or two,a…or two修饰的名词作主语 one or two后接复数名词,谓语要用复数。但在”a\an+单数名词+or two"结构之后,谓语却常用单数⑽the rest(of…)等作主语 当the rest(of…),the remaining,part(of…)等词或短语作主语时,或他们所修饰的名词或代词作主语时,其谓语动词应根据所表达的名词的单复数而定。
⑦ 主谓一致的各种情况及例句
一般情况下,主谓之间的一致关系由以下三个原则的支配: 语法一致原则、 意义一致原则和就近原则。
一、语法一致
主谓一致的原则是指主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致:主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式;主语是复数形式,谓语亦采取复数形式。例如:
He often helps me learn English.(主语是单数形式,谓语也采取单数形式) 。
My friends often help me learn English.(主语是复数形式,谓语也采取复数形式)
但主语和谓语从语法形式上取得一致的问题远不只上述的那么简单,有许多方面的情况需要去具体地对待:
1、不定式,动名词,以及从句作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:Reading aloud is helpful to learn English.大声朗读对学习英语是有帮助的。
What he said has been recorded .他说的话已被录音了。
2、不定代词one, every, each, everybody, everyone, one of, no one, nothing, nobody, someone, somebody, either, neither, many a 等作主语或是修饰主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。但none 作主语时,谓语动词既可用单数也可用复数,这要取决于说话人的看法。
例如:Neither of my sisters likes sports .我的妹妹中没人喜欢运动。
Every boy and girl shows great interest in this book .每个男孩和女孩对这本书都表现出很大的兴趣。
3、表示国家,机构,事件,作品等名称的专有名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:One Thousand And One Nights tells people lots of interesting stories . 《一千零一夜》给人们讲了许多有趣的故事。
4、a kind of, the number of等与名词构成名词短语作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数。
例如:The number of workers in the factory is 400.这个工厂里工人的数量是400.
A kind of rose in the garden smells very pleasant.这座花园里有一种玫瑰香气怡人。
5、由some, several, both, few, many, a number of 等词修饰主语,或是由它们自身作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。另外,由and连接两个主语时,谓语一般用复数。
例如:On the seashore, some people are playing volleyball 海边,有些人在打排球。
Both of us are fond of watching football games .我们俩都喜欢看足球赛。
A number of will-be graates are voluntarily going to work in the West of China. 许多即将毕业的学生打算自愿去中国西部工作。
6、有些表示数量的百分数,分数等后面加名词或代词作主语时,要根据这个名词或代词来决定其谓语动词的单复数形式。如:a lot of, most of, any of, half of, three fifths of, eighty percent of, some of, none of, the rest of , all of等后接不可数名词,或是单数形式的名词作主语时应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;但如果后接可数名词的复数形式作主语时应看作复数,谓语动词用复数。
例如:A lot of money in the shop was stolen yesterday. 昨天那家商店丢失了许多钱。
A lot of students are from England in the school.那个学校里很多学生来自英国。
二、意义一致
这一原则是指,从意义着眼来解决主谓一致问题。有时主语形式上为单数,但意义上却是复数,那么谓语依意义也用复数形式;而有时主语形式上为复数,但意义上却是单数,那么谓语依意义亦用单数形式。
1)当主语后面接由but, except, besides, as well as, as much as, including, more than, no less than, rather than, together with等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单复数形式通常由前面的词来决定。在这样的句子里,这些词所引导的词组不影响主语自身的单,复数形式,它们在句子里其实是状语。
例如:The teacher, with all his students, is going to have a picnic this weekend.老师打算这个周末与学生们一起去野炊。
The students, together with their teacher, are going to have a picnic this weekend.学生们打算这个周末与他们的老师一起去野炊。
我们完全可以将上面句子中的那些词组都分别搬到句首或是放到句末去,因为它们在句子里是状语:The students are going to have a picnic this weekend together with their teacher.
2)表示时间,金钱,距离,体积,重量,面积,数字等词语作主语时,谓语动词常用单数形式。如:
Eight hours of sleep is enough. 八小时的睡眠足够了。
Twenty years stands for a long period in one's life. 二十年在人的一生里意味着一个很长的时期。
3)形容词前加定冠词即“the + 形容词”作主语时,其意义若是指个人或是抽象概念应看作单数,谓语动词用单数;指一类人则应该看作是复数,那么谓语动词也应该用复数。
例如:The sick here are very well cared for. 这里的病人都被照顾得很好。
The true is to be distinguished from the false. 真实与虚假应加以区别。
4)由and 连接的两个单数名词作主语时,谓语动词一般根据语法一致的原则用复数。
但如果在意义上指同一个人、同一件事或同一个概念时,谓语动词要用单数形式。
如:The writer and teacher is coming. 那位作家兼教师来了。(作家和教师指同一个人)
The writer and the teacher are coming. 作家和老师来了。(作家和老师是两个人)
5)集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于主语的意义:主语表示整体时视为单数,谓语动词用单数;主语表示集体中的个体成员时视为复数,谓语动词用复数。这类集体名词常见的有:army, class, club, crowd, family, government, group, people, police, public, team等。
例如:The family are all fond of football. 那一家人都喜欢足球。
The family is the tiniest cell of the society. 家庭是社会的最小的细胞。
6)一些形式为复数,意思为单数的名词,如:trousers, pants, shorts, glasses, 等作主语时,谓语动词用复数。
如:Her glasses are new. 她的眼镜是新的。
但当这类名词前有a pair of 修饰时,谓语动词应用单数。
如:This pair of trousers is made in Hangzhou.
三、就近原则
这一原则是指,谓语动词的人称和数常常与最近作主语的词语保持一致。常出现在这类句子中的连词有:or, either… or …, neither… nor … , not only… but also …等。
例如: Either I or they are responsible for the result of the matter. 不是我,就是他们要对那件事的结局负责任。
Neither his family nor he knows anything about it. 他全家人和他都不知道那件事。
⑧ 大学英语6级如何过
许多朋友在过了四级之后就开始着手准备六级,如果只是背一背六级单词,然后就做卷子的话,我觉得效果并不是太好。在此,我向大家介绍一下我过六级的一些经验,希望能对大家有所帮助。
(一)我首先准备了上海外语教育出版社的《大学英语(精读)》第五册和第六册作为课本,并配以《大学英语精读指南5--6册》作为辅导用书。只要把这两本书从头到尾认真自学一便,你的阅读理解能力以及词汇量一定会有很大的提高,刚开始的时候有可能感到文章有些难,但不要怕,坚持一段时间就会适应。课本里的文章都是原汁原味的英语,和六级阅读短文风格一致,而且难度略高于六级阅读,只要你把上面的文章弄透了,搞懂了,六级阅读就不成问题了。课文后边的词汇练习一定要好好做,上面有很多都是六级常考词,而且结合课文来记单词,效果非常明显。
(二)另外,我还建议大家经常看看《21st Century》英文报,上边的文章难度适中,形式多样,对提高写作能力很有帮助。
(三)对于听力,我建议大家用历年来的六级真题磁带进行精听,力争做到每一句话都能听明白。此外再接合英语广播等材料进行泛听。我觉得精听是听力的基础和关键,切忌舍本逐末。
说实话,六级是够难的。偶是在四级通过半年后,也就是05年1月过的,不高65.5。其实偶的e文原本不强,高考英文83。,原因就不说了。孙子说,凡胜者,以正合,以奇胜。正合估且不表,下面说说奇胜。
阅读:
1.首先把历年真题中的单词搞会
2.六级考试的正确选项(尤其是难题)有一些特点,有些正确选项乍一看有些矛盾,例如“。。。。,but。。。”有些正确选项具有极强的概括性。(some,certain)有些选项语气不是很肯定(如may,partly)
3.文章结构。英文其实比较好读的,读他主要抓首段,及其余各段中心句。而对中心句的解释可略读。
六级最后阶段悟到了上面的东东,阅读得了20个就错了3个。
听力:
偶对听力深有体会,说实话偶当年就一点没听懂,全是猜的。(收音机不好使)。不过偶是有方法的(不是掷硬币),六级听力也是正确选项看起来矛盾的,有概括性的就选。结过20个对了12个
词汇:
历年考题多看几遍。
改错:
改错偶比较有心得,能出题的地方就几种情形:时态错误,先行词错误,人称错误,主谓一致,作题时就往几种题型里套。开始时偶改错就对一两个,自从悟到上述方法对了七个。
写作:
偶当年基本没看,考试当天上午背了点句型。上兵伐谋,要想短期内提高,必须在思想上转变。把平时学的点语法,长难句用上。
有些自认为很有实力的高手,往往不重视考试技巧及信息收集而导致失败,就想偶当年高考一样。最后再说一个最重要问题,时间分配。偶去年就是找到了合适的作题时间,所以在考场上有取有舍才过的。
其实偶大学期间把要学的东东分成三条线:英语,数学,电子技术。其实也就英语有点经验,其余两样都很失败。今年偶考研,如果偶能以高分考上研,偶还会在考研版发发经验。
⑨ 英语主谓一致问题(语法知识较好的请进,非诚勿扰,避免骂人。谢谢)
你钻牛角尖了。。。
谓语动词的单复数形式,就是你上文说的什么时候谓语动词用单数,什么时候用复数。这么说吧,给你这个名词是为了解释语法时方便。就像你称SARS是非典一样。
这里有个资料,你自己看吧
http://..com/link?url=svU2khAFfV3X0DvK