考研英语同位语从句
⑴ 考研英语长难句
emphasis on 是强调某一方面的东西,译为”强调......“
emphasis on date就是“强调数据”,那么是什内么样的数据呢,后面容的 ”gathered first-hand ,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present“做的是date的后置定语,修饰的是date
⑵ 考研英语翻译解题步骤有哪些
一、断句,关键是在哪个位置断句,这里也给大家准备好了断句的几个标志:
(1)标点符号(2)从属连词(3)并列连词(4)短语。这几个标志使用是有先后顺序的,先标点符号最后再找短语,这样顺序的安排是有原因的,是按照由易到难这样的顺序来安排的。但是需要注意的是在这句话中用标点符号进行断句时第一行Elizabeth Denham前后的两个标点符号是不能用来断句的。为什么呢?其实仔细看会发现这个人名是在一个从句中的,如果把从句给断开我们还能更好地理解这个句子吗?显然不能。所以能用来断句的标点符号这里只有第二行which前的逗号。但前面依然很长,那么我们就要找第二个标志从属连词:that。但是这里面只有一个从属连词that那就是background后面的that,前面的that是指示代词。这样我们就把这句话断成了三部分。
例:It is against that background /that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, /which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients.
二、分析每一部分的结构。
第一部分就是一个简单的主谓宾结构,译文为:它正处于这样一个背景。
第二部分是一个that从句,但这里需要注意这是一个同位语从句,而不是定语从句,因为从句里不缺成分,这个同位语从句的作用就是对background的具体内容进行解释说明。而从句里Elizabeth Denham,是同位语解释说明the information commissioner,而 under the NHS是作定语来修饰the Royal Free hospital trust所以这句话的译文应该是:英国信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆(Elizabeth Denham)对英国国民医疗服务体系下的皇家自由医院信托基金(Royal Free hospital trust)做出了严厉的判决。还有另外一个结构which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients. 这是一个定语从句用来修饰 Royal Free hospital trust,译文为:该信托基金将160万名患者的病历交给了DeepMind。
译文:它正处于这样一个背景:英国信息专员伊丽莎白·德纳姆(Elizabeth Denham)对英国国民医疗服务体系下的皇家自由医院信托基金(Royal Free hospital trust)做出了严厉的判决,该信托基金将160万名患者的病历交给了DeepMind.
句子结构梳理清楚了之后整个句子理解起来就要容易的多了。所以无论做任何题都必须要掌正确的方法才能保证准确以及高效。最后送给大家一句话:高山可攀,但需努力。
考研英语翻译解题步骤有哪些?小编就说到这里了,更多关于考研报名入口,报名时间,考研成绩查询,报名费用,考研准考证打印入口及时间等问题,小编会及时更新。希望各位考生都能进入自己的理想院校。大家一定要掌握备考技巧。
⑶ 考研英语如何复习语法
首先,考抄研英语不单独考袭察语法,而是将语法长难句穿插在阅读、翻译和写作当中间接考察。
其次,考研英语语法在高中阶段均已涉及,然而,其复杂程度是高中英语不可比拟的。并且,和高中相比,考研英语语法的针对性更强。
1. 在长难句中,重点关注:
l 从句,包括名词性从句(主语从句,宾语从句,同位语从句),定语从句(限定性和非限定性定语从句),状语从句(时间,地点,方式),省略句等;
l 非谓语动词,包括动词不定式,动词ing形式,和过去分词
l 特殊用法,如倒装,强调
2. 写作中,重点关注:
l 一句话只能有一个谓语动词(这也是为何在分析长难句时需要首先找到主句的谓语动词),如超过一个谓语动词,需要考虑用and/or等连词连接,或者用从句、非谓语动词改装句子
⑷ 考研英语同位语从句和定语从句有哪些区别
两种从句的区别主要在以下三方面:
▶从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word,
thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise,
order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如: The possibility that the
majority of the labor force will work at home is often
discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)
▶从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如: The
news that our team has won the game was true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)
▶从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered.
我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般做主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was
received yesterday.
我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people
to help the other groups.
我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)
⑸ 考研英语同位语句型怎么翻译
首先,我们需要能够判断出来什么样的结构才能算是同位语。简单来说,n. + that 引导的从句,且that在从句中不作成分,那么基本就可以判断that引导的是同位语从句。其中作为先行词的名词通常是一些抽象名词,比如说, fact, truth, idea,suggestion, problem, 等。
辨认出同位语从句之后,我们就需要运用一定的翻译方法翻译出这些句子。总的来说,有两种翻译方法:
(一)先行词在主句中做主语,我们可以先译从句,再译主句。
【例】 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
【解析】首先,我们可以看到,这句话中是idea后面有一个that引导的从句,而that在这个从句中没有做任何成分,所以这里的that从句是一个同位语从句。而这句话的主干是the idea rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 先行词idea在主句中做的是主语。所以我们在翻译时可以先翻译从句,也就是idea的内容,再翻主句,即the idea怎么样。这样翻译也是比较合乎我们汉语的表达习惯和逻辑的。
【翻译】 但是记者必须比普通公民更深刻地理解法律这一观点是基于对新闻媒体既定规则和特殊责任的理解。
(二)先行词在主句中做宾语,我们可以先译主句,再译从句。主从之间可以用“即”,冒号,或者破折号连接。
【例】Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought.
【解析】在这句话中,仍然可以发现是idea后面加了一个that引导的从句,而且that在这个从句中也没有做任何成分,因此也可以判断这是个由that引导的同位语从句。而这句话的主句是Whorf developed the idea,先行词the idea在主句中做宾语,所以我们在翻译时可以先翻译主句,然后再解释the idea是什么。
【翻译】沃尔夫提出了一个观点,即语言的结构决定了习惯性思维的结构。
⑹ 如何区分考研定语从句和同位语从句
同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
1. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定内涵的名词,而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句,如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed.人们经常讨论大多数劳动力将会在家里工作的可能性。(同位语从句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)
2. 从性质上区别
定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴,如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。(同位语从句,补充说明news到底是一个什么消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我考研英语真题的那个消息是真的。(定语从句,news在从句中作told的宾语。)
3. 从引导词及其在句子中的成分上区别
有些引导词如how, whether, what可以引导同位语从句,但不能引导定语从句,如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我们是否需要它这个问题还没有考虑。(同位语从句)
引导词that引导定语从句时,在从句中一般作主语或宾语(指物时还可以用which代替),并且作宾语时常常省略,that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替,如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我们应派几个人去帮别的几个小组的命令昨天收到了。(同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。(定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以省略。)
【真题例句】
The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
【解析】
句子可拆分为:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
主句为:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主语的结构为: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短语修饰the issue, of 短语较长一般译在后面;that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位语从心理学考研句,(即是evidence的具体内容)。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位语从句,说明suggestions的具体内容。)第一个同位语从句可以直接翻译在所修饰词后面。第二个同位语可以放在所修饰的名词前面,充当定语。
【参考译文】
越来越多的证据表明,这个红色行星上曾经有稳定而丰富的液态水,而且人们对从火星落到地球上的细菌化考研英语参考 书石陨石的说法一直有争论,使火星上是否存在过生命和是否至今仍有生命的问题成为了引人注目的重点。
⑺ 考研英语最长句子是
“The term ‘antiscience’ can lump together too many, quite different things,” notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, “They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.”
[参考译文]
哈佛大学哲学教授杰拉尔德•霍尔顿在他1993年出版的《科学和反科学》一书中指出:“‘反科学’一词把太多很不相同的内容混为一谈——而这些内容只有一点是共同的,那就是它们往往惹恼或者威胁到那些自以为比别人知识更多的人。”
[结构分析]
本句是一个直接引语,说话人是Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton,动词note在此处的意思是“指出”。直接引语的第一部分是个简单句,其中lump together的字面意思是“把…混为一谈,把…归并到一起”。直接引语的第二部分比较复杂,主干是They have in common only one thing…,that they tend to annoy or threaten those…是同位语从句,说明先行词one thing的具体内容,其中those带有一个修饰它的定语从句who regard themselves as more enlightened。这一部分的难点之一是代词的指代问题:第一个they指代直接引语第一部分的too many, quite different things,因为they一般指代复数名词;第二个they也是一样;themselves就近指代前面的those,指人。要判断指代关系,可以根据 “单复数”和“就近原则”等标准进行,然后将确定的指代对象代入,看是否通顺和合乎逻辑。
⑻ 如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与同位语从句
解释如下
同位语从句和定语从句在形式上基本相同,我们可以从三个方面来加以区别。
(1)根据that来区别。引导定语从句的that是关系代词,除了起连接主句和从句的作用外,还代替先行词在从句中充当一个成分。而且这个that还常可以用which来代替。引导同位语从句的that是个连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不充当任何成分,也不能用which来代替。例如:
The fact that(which) we talked about is very important.我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。(that在从句中作about的宾语)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。(that只起连接作用)
再如:The news that you heard is true.你听到的消息是真的。(that在从句中作heard的宾语)
(2)根据先行词来区别。
定语从句的先行词可以是人,也可以是具体事物或抽象概念。定语从句在复合同中相当于形容词,对这些先行词起修饰、描述或限制的作用。例如:
The moon is a satellite that goes around the earth.月亮是围绕地球运转的一颗卫星。
同位语所进一步说明的词则是抽象意义的概念,如:fact,result,discovery,news,hope,reason,proposal,thought等。同位语的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词给予补充说明或进一步解释。例如:
He has an idea that he can make the scientific instrument in a better way.他想到能用更好的方法制造这种科学仪器。(从句是idea的具体内容)
He expressed the hope that he would come to China a-gain.他表达了他要再来中国的希望。(从句是hope的具体内容)
(3)根据引导词来区别。
如果引导从句的词为when,where,why或者how,而其前面的名词又分别表示时间、地点、原因或方式方法等意义,则它们为关系副词,引导的是定语从句。例如:
I’ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.我永远不会忘记我见到长城的那一天。
而这些连接副词与前面的名词意义不相关时,这些词便是连接副词,引导同位语从句前面的名词往往也是idea,truth,news等。例如:
The question when we will start the work is not decided.我们何时开始工作的问题尚未决定。
You have no idea how worried I was.你不知道我是多么担心。
⑼ 考研英语长难句分析
在考研英语试卷中,长难句日益成为阅读理解中出现频率很高的考试重点。同时,它也是翻译题中常出现的考查难点。对于考生来说,长难句也是考卷中得分较难的一部分。所以,本文向2016正处于复习中的同学们,讲一讲考研英语长难句的结构解析技巧。
英语长句也就是复杂句,里面可能会有多个从句,从句与从句之间的关系可能为并列、包含与被包含、镶嵌等形式。因此分析长难句或者翻译长难句,首要解决的应该是弄清楚从句以及清楚从句之间的关系。英语经常出现的复合句包括:名词性从句,它又包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句;形容词性从句,即定语从句;另外还有状语从句。
那么,有些同学可能会问,究竟该怎样来分析长难句呢?有以下几点最为基础的步骤需要考生们记住:
1、找出全句的主语、谓语和宾语,即句子的主干结构;
2、找出句中所有从句的引导词及其所引导的谓语结构;
3、找出句中所有的非谓语结构、介词短语;
4、分析从句和短语的功能(例如,是否为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句或状语从句等)以及词、短语和从句之间的关系;
5、分析句子中是否有固定词组或固定搭配、插入语等其他成分。
例:
Of course, some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary, but a free and democratic society functions best when it leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.
句子拆分:
拆分点参考:标点,并列连词,从属连词
Of course,// some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary, //but a free and democratic society functions best //when it leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.
参考译文:
当然,某些规定是不可避免并且是必需的,但是只有当社会让民众通过自己的理智判断而非政府管制去解决道德难题时,一个自由民主的社会才能最大限地发挥其功能。
⑽ 知识讲解:2016考研英语语法指导——如何区分考研英语中的定语从句与同位语从句
下面是摘自朱振斌编的《高中英语语法通霸》,希望能解决你的问题。
同位语从句和定语从句
第一部分:考点精讲精练
例题:
He told me the news this morning ______ his father had come back.
A. which B. that C. which or that
答案是B。那么A为什么不可以呢?
要弄明白这个问题,就要搞清楚定语从句和同位语从句的区别。同位语从句和定语从句很相似,但还是有区别的,区别主要在以下三方面:
A. 从词类上区别
同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定内涵的名词;而定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句。如:
① We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。(同位语从句)
② Word came that he had been abroad.
据说他已经出国了。(同位语从句)
③ Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我们队赢了,这让我们很高兴。(定语从句)
B. 从性质上区别
定语从句对其先行词起修饰或限制作用,功能上相当于形容词;而同位语从句是对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,是名词的具体内容,属于名词性从句的范畴。如:
① The news that our team has won the game was true.
我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。
(同位语从句,说明news到底是一个什么消息)
② The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。
(定语从句, 指他告诉我的消息)
③ I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
我许诺如果谁让我自由,我就让他非常富有。
(同位语从句,补充说明promise的内容)
④ The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
妈妈做出了一个令她的孩子们高兴的许诺。
(定语从句, promise在从句中作pleased的主语)
C. 引导词上的区别
i. 引导词that
引导词that引导定语从句时,作从句的一个成分,有时可用which替换,作宾语时常常省略;而that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用,不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替。
例:判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。
① The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我们应派几个人去帮别的小组的命令昨天收到了。
② The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
我们昨天收到的命令是我们应该派几个人去帮助别的几个小组。
解析:
①是同位语从句,是对order的具体解释,that虽不作成分,不能换为which, 也不能省略。
②是定语从句,是名词order的修饰语,that在从句中作received的宾语,可以换为which,也可以省略。
ii. how, whether, what虽不能引导定语从句,却可引导同位语从句;who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引导定语从句外,也可引导同位语从句。(参看P. 124第1讲)
iii. 定语从句的引导词反映的是先行词的意思,而同位语从句的引导词在意思上和前面的词没有联系。
① The reason that he gave for his coming late was not true.
② The reason that his alarm clock was broken was not true.
在①中,that的意思是reason, 在定语从句中作give的宾语。在②句中,that只起连接作用,不含有the reason的意思。
iv. 在定语从句中,关系副词可以换为“介词+关系代词”,而引导同位语从句的连接副词却不能换为“介词+连接代词”的形式。
① The suggestion where he stressed the importance of exercising was very practical.
② The suggestion where we should exercise regularly is very practical.
在上面的句①中,where可以换为in which;在句②中,where不能换为in which。
例:判断下列句子是同位语从句还是定语从句。
① That question whether we need it has not been considered.
② I have no idea what has happened to him.
③ I haven’t answered the question how I will deal with it.
④ The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city.
⑤ The decision when we should get started hasn’t been made.
解析:①、②、③是同位语从句,它们是在说明前面词的内容, whether, what和how不能引导定语从句。
④是定语从句,where反映的是先行词的意思,可以换为in which。
⑤是同位语从句。从句是在说明decision的内容。when并没有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改为 at which time。
练习
1. The news ______ he has been elected president of the United States is true.
A. that B which C. what D. where
2. The news ______ you told me yesterday is true.
A. that B when C. what D. where
3. 【2006重庆】Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
4. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
5. Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
6. Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
7. 【2006安徽】A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother’s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
8. 【2004上海】A story goes ______ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
9. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
10. 【2009浙江】—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport ?
—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
11. Three days later, word came ______ our country had sent up another man-made satellite.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
12. 【2009重庆】We should consider the students’ request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
第二部分:综合能力提升
I. 改错(每题只有一个错误)
13. 【2007天津】However, I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn’t take my bad grades as a judgement of my abilities, but simply as an indication how I should study harder. how改为that
14. 【2007全国Ⅱ】My school is organizing a basketball team and there' s just a chance which I can join it. (which改为that)
II. 语法填空(每空之多填三词)
15. He made a decision ______ he had to work hard from then on. that
16. He made a decision ______ annoyed his parents. that/ which
17. 【2009四川】News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. that
III. 写作技能提升
18. 我已经自己许下承诺,毕业前我再也不玩电脑了。(make a promise to, graation)
19. 当消息传来不久你就将回国,我们真的很难过。(sad, word came )
20. 有谚语说“熟能生巧”,因此如果你想学好英语,你必须在它上面多花费时间。(a saying goes that)
21. 我相信如果你尽力而为,有很大的可能性你最后会成功的。(a great chance)