英語作文介紹牛頓
1. 請給我關於牛頓的英文介紹！
牛頓的英文介紹 English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was ring this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope.
2. 急需一篇牛頓的英文簡介
牛頓出生於英國北部林肯郡的一個農民家庭。1661年考上劍橋大學特里尼蒂學校，1665年畢業，這時正趕上鼠疫，牛頓回家避疫兩年，期間幾乎考慮了他一生中所研究的各個方面，特別是他一生中的幾個重要貢獻：萬有引力定律、經典力學、微積分和光學。 牛頓發現萬有引力定律，建立了經典力學，他用一個公式將宇宙中最大天體的運動和最小粒子的運動統一起來。宇宙變得如此清晰：任何一個運動都不是無故發生，都是長長的一系列因果鏈條中的一個狀態、一個環節，是可以精確描述的。人們打破幾千年來神的意志統治世界的思想，開始相信沒有任何東西是智慧所不能確切知道的。相比於他的理論，牛頓更偉大的貢獻是使人們從此開始相信科學。 牛頓是一個遠遠超過那個時代所有人智慧的科學巨人，他對真理的探索是如此痴迷，以至於他的理論成果都是在別人的敦促下才公諸於世的，對牛頓來說創造本身就是最大的樂趣。 British great physicist, mathematician, astronomer.The boon space Si say:"Newton established astronomy because of discovering gravitational theory, because of carry on light of resolve but established the optics of science, established mathematics of science because of establishing binomial equation axioms and infinite theories, established the mechanics of science because of knowing the man's natural character of the mechanics."Really, Newton made to lay foundation stone sexual contribution in the natural science realm and be rated as science huge Jiang. Newton was born at a farmer family of Lincolnshire in British the north.In 1661 pass examination Cambridge university the inside Ni Di a school especially, graate in 1665, at this time just in time plague, Newton goes home to avoid epidemic disease for two years, the period almost considered his whole life in each aspect study, especially he wins from cradle to the grave of a few major contributions:Gravitational theory, classic mechanics, calculus and optics. Newton discovers gravitational theory, built up classic mechanics, he uses a formula the biggest ephemeris sport in the cosmos and minimum grain sport of the son unify.The cosmos becomes thus clear:All of whichever sports are to without cause take place, is all long long of a series of cause and effect chain be an appearance, a link within, is can accurate description.People break several thoughts that the wills of thousand in the last years absolute beings rule world, start believe there is no thing is can't be accurate by intelligence knowing of.Compare at his ories, Newton greater contribution makes people from now on start believe science. Newton is 1 far far above the wise science giant of the in those days owner, his quest to the truth is a such Chi fan, with as for all of his ories results just reveal to the public under the urge sincerely of other people and say that the creation is the biggest fun to Newton.
3. 牛頓簡介英文
^Shaun Newton
The flying winger, signed in a deal that could eventually be worth £1 million to Charlton, is very quick and very hard working. Just the sort of player that Wolves fans love. He's come to Wolves with a good reputation and experience of playing in the top division. He has experienced Promotion twice and relegation from the Premier League. He's also played in the Charlton side that stayed in the Premier League and played really well last season. He knows what it takes to get there and to stay there.
He will give us the balance in midfield that we haven't had for a long time. He can deliver a mean cross and combined with Kennedy on the left should provide a lot of opportunities for last seasons goal starved forwards.
^_^
4. 描述牛頓的英語作文(急需）
牛頓出生於英國北部林肯郡的一個農民家庭。1661年考上劍橋大學特里尼蒂學校，1665年畢業，這時正趕上鼠疫，牛頓回家避疫兩年，期間幾乎考慮了他一生中所研究的各個方面，特別是他一生中的幾個重要貢獻：萬有引力定律、經典力學、微積分和光學。
牛頓發現萬有引力定律，建立了經典力學，他用一個公式將宇宙中最大天體的運動和最小粒子的運動統一起來。宇宙變得如此清晰：任何一個運動都不是無故發生，都是長長的一系列因果鏈條中的一個狀態、一個環節，是可以精確描述的。人們打破幾千年來神的意志統治世界的思想，開始相信沒有任何東西是智慧所不能確切知道的。相比於他的理論，牛頓更偉大的貢獻是使人們從此開始相信科學。
牛頓是一個遠遠超過那個時代所有人智慧的科學巨人，他對真理的探索是如此痴迷，以至於他的理論成果都是在別人的敦促下才公諸於世的，對牛頓來說創造本身就是最大的樂趣。
British great physicist, mathematician, astronomer.The boon space Si say:"Newton established astronomy because of discovering gravitational theory, because of carry on light of resolve but established the optics of science, established mathematics of science because of establishing binomial equation axioms and infinite theories, established the mechanics of science because of knowing the man's natural character of the mechanics."Really, Newton made to lay foundation stone sexual contribution in the natural science realm and be rated as science huge Jiang.
Newton was born at a farmer family of Lincolnshire in British the north.In 1661 pass examination Cambridge university the inside Ni Di a school especially, graate in 1665, at this time just in time plague, Newton goes home to avoid epidemic disease for two years, the period almost considered his whole life in each aspect study, especially he wins from cradle to the grave of a few major contributions:Gravitational theory, classic mechanics, calculus and optics. 希望能幫助到您，謝謝！
Newton discovers gravitational theory, built up classic mechanics, he uses a formula the biggest ephemeris sport in the cosmos and minimum grain sport of the son unify.The cosmos becomes thus clear:All of whichever sports are to without cause take place, is all long long of a series of cause and effect chain be an appearance, a link within, is can accurate description.People break several thoughts that the wills of thousand in the last years absolute beings rule world, start believe there is no thing is can't be accurate by intelligence knowing of.Compare at his ories, Newton greater contribution makes people from now on start believe science.
Newton is 1 far far above the wise science giant of the in those days owner, his quest to the truth is a such Chi fan, with as for all of his ories results just reveal to the public under the urge sincerely of other people and say that the creation is the biggest fun to Newton.
5. 關於牛頓100詞英語作文
如果說我比別人看得更遠，那是因為我站在巨人的肩膀上。
6. 英語介紹牛頓，。
1642,was born in a small village inengland.At the age of 12,entered theschool,at firstonlylikemathematics,then strenuously reading,and finallycome out in frontin the class.1661 Nian,entered University of Cambridge,carefullycultivatinga good teacher,progress in his studiessoon.At the age of 27,was appointed asa professor of mathematics at University of Cambridge.1727 Nian,died inlondon.
7. 誰有牛頓的英語介紹
Isaac Newton was one of the leading figures of the scientific revolution is the seventeenth century. He devoted his life to the study of the natural world, discovering the laws of gravity and motion, analyzing light, and developing the mathematics of calculus. He was born prematurely on December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England, to a poor farming family. Newton was taken out of school to work on the family farm at the age of 16 after his stepfather's death.
夠了嗎？不夠就在這個網頁找
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/media/lrk-whowasnewton.pdf
參考資料：://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/newton/media/lrk-whowasnewton.pdf
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was ring this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope. Newton presented his methodology as a set of four rules for scientific reasoning. These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances, (2) the same natural effects must be assigned to the same causes, (3) qualities of bodies are to be esteemed as universal, and (4) propositions deced from observation of phenomena should be viewed as accurate until other phenomena contradict them.
These four concise and universal rules for investigation were truly revolutionary. By their application, Newton formulated the universal laws of nature with which he was able to unravel virtually all the unsolved problems of his day. Newton went much further than outlining his rules for reasoning, however, actually describing how they might be applied to the solution of a given problem. The analytic method he invented far exceeded the more philosophical and less scientifically rigorous approaches of Aristotle and Aquinas. Newton refined Galileo's experimental method, creating the compositional method of experimentation still practiced today. In fact, the following description of the experimental method from Newton's Optics could easily be mistaken for a modern statement of current methods of investigation, if not for Newton's use of the words "natural philosophy" in place of the modern term "the physical sciences." Newton wrote, "As in mathematics, so in natural philosophy the investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition. This analysis consists of making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions from them by inction...by this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the forces procing them; and in general from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones till the argument end in the most general. This is the method of analysis: and the synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and established as principles, and by them explaining the phenomena preceding from them, and proving the explanations."
Newton formulated the classical theories of mechanics and optics and invented calculus years before Leibniz. However, he did not publish his work on calculus until afterward Leibniz had published his. This led to a bitter priority dispute between English and continental mathematicians which persisted for decades, to the detriment of all concerned. Newton discovered that the binomial theorem was valid for fractional powers, but left it for Wallis to publish (which he did, with appropriate credit to Newton). Newton formulated a theory of sound, but derived a speed which did not agree with his experiments. The reason for the discrepancy was that the concept of adiabatic propagation did not yet exist, so Newton's answer was too low by a factor of , where is the ratio of heat capacities of air. Newton therefore fudged his theory until agreement was achieved (Engineering and Science, pp. 15-16).
In Optics (1704), whose publication Newton delayed until Hooke's death, Newton observed that white light could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each characterized by a unique refractivity, and proposed the corpuscular theory of light. Newton's views on optics were born out of the original prism experiments he performed at Cambridge. In his "experimentum crucis" (crucial experiment), he found that the image proced by a prism was oval-shaped and not circular, as current theories of light would require. He observed a half-red, half-blue string through a prism, and found the ends to be disjointed. He also observed Newton's rings, which are actually a manifestation of the wave nature of light which Newton did not believe in. Newton believed that light must move faster in a medium when it is refracted towards the normal, in opposition to the result predicted by Huygens's wave theory.
Newton also formulated a system of chemistry in Query 31 at the end of Optics. In this corpuscular theory, "elements" consisted of different arrangements of atoms, and atoms consisted of small, hard, billiard ball-like particles. He explained chemical reactions in terms of the chemical affinities of the participating substances. Newton devoted a majority of his free time later in life (after 1678) to fruitless alchemical experiments.
Newton was extremely sensitive to criticism, and even ceased publishing until the death of his arch-rival Hooke. It was only through the prodding of Halley that Newton was persuaded at all to publish the Principia Mathematica. In the latter portion of his life, he devoted much of his time to alchemical researches and trying to date events in the Bible. After Newton's death, his burial place was moved. During the exhumation, it was discovered that Newton had massive amounts of mercury in his body, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. This would certainly explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. Newton was appointed Warden of the British Mint in 1695. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne. However, the act was "an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705" (Westfall 1993, p. 625).
Newton singlehandedly contributed more to the development of science than any other indivial in history. He surpassed all the gains brought about by the great scientific minds of antiquity, procing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed before. Newton stated explicit principles of scientific methods which applied universally to all branches of science. This was in sharp contradistinction to the earlier methodologies of Aristotle and Aquinas, which had outlined separate methods for different disciplines.
Although his methodology was strictly logical, Newton still believed deeply in the necessity of a God. His theological views are characterized by his belief that the beauty and regularity of the natural world could only "proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." He felt that "the Supreme God exists necessarily, and by the same necessity he exists always and everywhere." Newton believed that God periodically intervened to keep the universe going on track. He therefore denied the importance of Leibniz's vis viva as nothing more than an interesting quantity which remained constant in elastic collisions and therefore had no physical importance or meaning.
Although earlier philosophers such as Galileo and John Philoponus had used experimental proceres, Newton was the first to explicitly define and systematize their use. His methodology proced a neat balance between theoretical and experimental inquiry and between the mathematical and mechanical approaches. Newton mathematized all of the physical sciences, recing their study to a rigorous, universal, and rational procere which marked the ushering in of the Age of Reason. Thus, the basic principles of investigation set down by Newton have persisted virtually without alteration until modern times. In the years since Newton's death, they have borne fruit far exceeding anything even Newton could have imagined. They form the foundation on which the technological civilization of today rests. The principles expounded by Newton were even applied to the social sciences, influencing the economic theories of Adam Smith and the decision to make the United States legislature bicameral. These latter applications, however, pale in contrast to Newton's scientific contributions.
It is therefore no exaggeration to identify Newton as the single most important contributor to the development of modern science. The Latin inscription on Newton's tomb, despite its bombastic language, is thus fully justified in proclaiming, "Mortals! rejoice at so great an ornament to the human race!" Alexander Pope's couplet is also apropos: "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! and all was light."
參考資料：http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Newton.html
8. 牛頓介紹,英語作文。
英國偉大的物理學家、數學家、天文學家。恩格斯說：「牛頓由於發現了萬有引力定律而創立了天文學，由於進行光的分解而創立了科學的光學，由於創立了二項式定理和無限理論而創立了科學的數學，由於認識了力學的本性而創立了科學的力學。」的確，牛頓在自然科學領域里作了奠基性的貢獻，堪稱科學巨匠。 牛頓出生於英國北部林肯郡的一個農民家庭。1661年考上劍橋大學特里尼蒂學校，1665年畢業，這時正趕上鼠疫，牛頓回家避疫兩年，期間幾乎考慮了他一生中所研究的各個方面，特別是他一生中的幾個重要貢獻：萬有引力定律、經典力學、微積分和光學。 牛頓發現萬有引力定律，建立了經典力學，他用一個公式將宇宙中最大天體的運動和最小粒子的運動統一起來。宇宙變得如此清晰：任何一個運動都不是無故發生，都是長長的一系列因果鏈條中的一個狀態、一個環節，是可以精確描述的。人們打破幾千年來神的意志統治世界的思想，開始相信沒有任何東西是智慧所不能確切知道的。相比於他的理論，牛頓更偉大的貢獻是使人們從此開始相信科學。 牛頓是一個遠遠超過那個時代所有人智慧的科學巨人，他對真理的探索是如此痴迷，以至於他的理論成果都是在別人的敦促下才公諸於世的，對牛頓來說創造本身就是最大的樂趣。 British great physicist, mathematician, astronomer.The boon space Si say:"Newton established astronomy because of discovering gravitational theory, because of carry on light of resolve but established the optics of science, established mathematics of science because of establishing binomial equation axioms and infinite theories, established the mechanics of science because of knowing the man's natural character of the mechanics."Really, Newton made to lay foundation stone sexual contribution in the natural science realm and be rated as science huge Jiang. Newton was born at a farmer family of Lincolnshire in British the north.In 1661 pass examination Cambridge university the inside Ni Di a school especially, graate in 1665, at this time just in time plague, Newton goes home to avoid epidemic disease for two years, the period almost considered his whole life in each aspect study, especially he wins from cradle to the grave of a few major contributions:Gravitational theory, classic mechanics, calculus and optics. Newton discovers gravitational theory, built up classic mechanics, he uses a formula the biggest ephemeris sport in the cosmos and minimum grain sport of the son unify.The cosmos becomes thus clear:All of whichever sports are to without cause take place, is all long long of a series of cause and effect chain be an appearance, a link within, is can accurate description.People break several thoughts that the wills of thousand in the last years absolute beings rule world, start believe there is no thing is can't be accurate by intelligence knowing of.Compare at his ories, Newton greater contribution makes people from now on start believe science. Newton is 1 far far above the wise science giant of the in those days owner, his quest to the truth is a such Chi fan, with as for all of his ories results just reveal to the public under the urge sincerely of other people and say that the creation is the biggest fun to Newton.
參考網路 希望能幫助你！
9. 牛頓介紹(英語的)
Sir Isaac Newton, (4 January 1643 – 31 March 1727) [ OS: 25 December 1642 – 20 March 1727][1] was an English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, alchemist, and natural philosopher, regarded by many as the greatest figure in the history of science.[2] His treatise Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, published in 1687, described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, laying the groundwork for classical mechanics. By deriving Kepler's laws of planetary motion from this system, he was the first to show that the motion of objects on Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the same set of natural laws. The unifying and predictive power of his laws was integral to the scientific revolution, the advancement of heliocentrism, and the broader acceptance of the notion that rational investigation can reveal the inner workings of nature.
In mechanics, Newton also markedly enunciated the principles of conservation of momentum and angular momentum. In optics, he invented the reflecting telescope and discovered that the spectrum of colors observed when white light passes through a prism is inherent in the white light and not added by the prism (as Roger Bacon had claimed in the thirteenth century). Newton notably argued that light is composed of particles. He also formulated an empirical law of cooling, studied the speed of sound, and proposed a theory of the origin of stars. In mathematics, Newton shares the credit with Gottfried Leibniz for the development of calculus. He also demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem, developed the so-called "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function, and contributed to the study of power series.
French mathematician Joseph-Louis Lagrange often said that Newton was the greatest genius who ever lived, and once added that he was also "the most fortunate, for we cannot find more than once a system of the world to establish."[3] English poet Alexander Pope was moved by Newton's accomplishments to write the famous epitaph:
Isaac Newton was one of the leading figures of the scientific revolution is the seventeenth century. He devoted his life to the study of the natural world, discovering the laws of gravity and motion, analyzing light, and developing the mathematics of calculus. He was born prematurely on December 25, 1642, in Woolsthorpe, England, to a poor farming family. Newton was taken out of school to work on the family farm at the age of 16 after his stepfather's death.
English physicist and mathematician who was born into a poor farming family. Luckily for humanity, Newton was not a good farmer, and was sent to Cambridge to study to become a preacher. At Cambridge, Newton studied mathematics, being especially strongly influenced by Euclid, although he was also influenced by Baconian and Cartesian philosophies. Newton was forced to leave Cambridge when it was closed because of the plague, and it was ring this period that he made some of his most significant discoveries. With the reticence he was to show later in life, Newton did not, however, publish his results.
Newton suffered a mental breakdown in 1675 and was still recovering through 1679. In response to a letter from Hooke, he suggested that a particle, if released, would spiral in to the center of the Earth. Hooke wrote back, claiming that the path would not be a spiral, but an ellipse. Newton, who hated being bested, then proceeded to work out the mathematics of orbits. Again, he did not publish his calculations. Newton then began devoting his efforts to theological speculation and put the calculations on elliptical motion aside, telling Halley he had lost them (Westfall 1993, p. 403). Halley, who had become interested in orbits, finally convinced Newton to expand and publish his calculations. Newton devoted the period from August 1684 to spring 1686 to this task, and the result became one of the most important and influential works on physics of all times, Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy) (1687), often shortened to Principia Mathematica or simply "the Principia."
In Book I of Principia, Newton opened with definitions and the three laws of motion now known as Newton's laws (laws of inertia, action and reaction, and acceleration proportional to force). Book II presented Newton's new scientific philosophy which came to replace Cartesianism. Finally, Book III consisted of applications of his dynamics, including an explanation for tides and a theory of lunar motion. To test his hypothesis of universal gravitation, Newton wrote Flamsteed to ask if Saturn had been observed to slow down upon passing Jupiter. The surprised Flamsteed replied that an effect had indeed been observed, and it was closely predicted by the calculations Newton had provided. Newton's equations were further confirmed by observing the shape of the Earth to be oblate spheroidal, as Newton claimed it should be, rather than prolate spheroidal, as claimed by the Cartesians. Newton's equations also described the motion of Moon by successive approximations, and correctly predicted the return of Halley's Comet. Newton also correctly formulated and solved the first ever problem in the calculus of variations which involved finding the surface of revolution which would give minimum resistance to flow (assuming a specific drag law).
Newton invented a scientific method which was truly universal in its scope. Newton presented his methodology as a set of four rules for scientific reasoning. These rules were stated in the Principia and proposed that (1) we are to admit no more causes of natural things such as are both true and sufficient to explain their appearances, (2) the same natural effects must be assigned to the same causes, (3) qualities of bodies are to be esteemed as universal, and (4) propositions deced from observation of phenomena should be viewed as accurate until other phenomena contradict them.
These four concise and universal rules for investigation were truly revolutionary. By their application, Newton formulated the universal laws of nature with which he was able to unravel virtually all the unsolved problems of his day. Newton went much further than outlining his rules for reasoning, however, actually describing how they might be applied to the solution of a given problem. The analytic method he invented far exceeded the more philosophical and less scientifically rigorous approaches of Aristotle and Aquinas. Newton refined Galileo's experimental method, creating the compositional method of experimentation still practiced today. In fact, the following description of the experimental method from Newton's Optics could easily be mistaken for a modern statement of current methods of investigation, if not for Newton's use of the words "natural philosophy" in place of the modern term "the physical sciences." Newton wrote, "As in mathematics, so in natural philosophy the investigation of difficult things by the method of analysis ought ever to precede the method of composition. This analysis consists of making experiments and observations, and in drawing general conclusions from them by inction...by this way of analysis we may proceed from compounds to ingredients, and from motions to the forces procing them; and in general from effects to their causes, and from particular causes to more general ones till the argument end in the most general. This is the method of analysis: and the synthesis consists in assuming the causes discovered and established as principles, and by them explaining the phenomena preceding from them, and proving the explanations."
Newton formulated the classical theories of mechanics and optics and invented calculus years before Leibniz. However, he did not publish his work on calculus until afterward Leibniz had published his. This led to a bitter priority dispute between English and continental mathematicians which persisted for decades, to the detriment of all concerned. Newton discovered that the binomial theorem was valid for fractional powers, but left it for Wallis to publish (which he did, with appropriate credit to Newton). Newton formulated a theory of sound, but derived a speed which did not agree with his experiments. The reason for the discrepancy was that the concept of adiabatic propagation did not yet exist, so Newton's answer was too low by a factor of , where is the ratio of heat capacities of air. Newton therefore fudged his theory until agreement was achieved (Engineering and Science, pp. 15-16).
In Optics (1704), whose publication Newton delayed until Hooke's death, Newton observed that white light could be separated by a prism into a spectrum of different colors, each characterized by a unique refractivity, and proposed the corpuscular theory of light. Newton's views on optics were born out of the original prism experiments he performed at Cambridge. In his "experimentum crucis" (crucial experiment), he found that the image proced by a prism was oval-shaped and not circular, as current theories of light would require. He observed a half-red, half-blue string through a prism, and found the ends to be disjointed. He also observed Newton's rings, which are actually a manifestation of the wave nature of light which Newton did not believe in. Newton believed that light must move faster in a medium when it is refracted towards the normal, in opposition to the result predicted by Huygens's wave theory.
Newton also formulated a system of chemistry in Query 31 at the end of Optics. In this corpuscular theory, "elements" consisted of different arrangements of atoms, and atoms consisted of small, hard, billiard ball-like particles. He explained chemical reactions in terms of the chemical affinities of the participating substances. Newton devoted a majority of his free time later in life (after 1678) to fruitless alchemical experiments.
Newton was extremely sensitive to criticism, and even ceased publishing until the death of his arch-rival Hooke. It was only through the prodding of Halley that Newton was persuaded at all to publish the Principia Mathematica. In the latter portion of his life, he devoted much of his time to alchemical researches and trying to date events in the Bible. After Newton's death, his burial place was moved. During the exhumation, it was discovered that Newton had massive amounts of mercury in his body, probably resulting from his alchemical pursuits. This would certainly explain Newton's eccentricity in late life. Newton was appointed Warden of the British Mint in 1695. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne. However, the act was "an honor bestowed not for his contributions to science, nor for his service at the Mint, but for the greater glory of party politics in the election of 1705" (Westfall 1993, p. 625).
Newton singlehandedly contributed more to the development of science than any other indivial in history. He surpassed all the gains brought about by the great scientific minds of antiquity, procing a scheme of the universe which was more consistent, elegant, and intuitive than any proposed before. Newton stated explicit principles of scientific methods which applied universally to all branches of science. This was in sharp contradistinction to the earlier methodologies of Aristotle and Aquinas, which had outlined separate methods for different disciplines.
Although his methodology was strictly logical, Newton still believed deeply in the necessity of a God. His theological views are characterized by his belief that the beauty and regularity of the natural world could only "proceed from the counsel and dominion of an intelligent and powerful Being." He felt that "the Supreme God exists necessarily, and by the same necessity he exists always and everywhere." Newton believed that God periodically intervened to keep the universe going on track. He therefore denied the importance of Leibniz's vis viva as nothing more than an interesting quantity which remained constant in elastic collisions and therefore had no physical importance or meaning.
Although earlier philosophers such as Galileo and John Philoponus had used experimental proceres, Newton was the first to explicitly define and systematize their use. His methodology proced a neat balance between theoretical and experimental inquiry and between the mathematical and mechanical approaches. Newton mathematized all of the physical sciences, recing their study to a rigorous, universal, and rational procere which marked the ushering in of the Age of Reason. Thus, the basic principles of investigation set down by Newton have persisted virtually without alteration until modern times. In the years since Newton's death, they have borne fruit far exceeding anything even Newton could have imagined. They form the foundation on which the technological civilization of today rests. The principles expounded by Newton were even applied to the social sciences, influencing the economic theories of Adam Smith and the decision to make the United States legislature bicameral. These latter applications, however, pale in contrast to Newton's scientific contributions.
It is therefore no exaggeration to identify Newton as the single most important contributor to the development of modern science. The Latin inscription on Newton's tomb, despite its bombastic language, is thus fully justified in proclaiming, "Mortals! rejoice at so great an ornament to the human race!" Alexander Pope's couplet is also apropos: "Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night; God said, Let Newton be! and all was light."
牛頓，偉大的英國物理學家，1642年12月25日生於林肯郡伍爾索普村的一個農民家庭．歲他在格蘭撒姆的公立學校讀書時，就表現了對實驗和機械發明的興趣，自己動手製作了水鍾、風磨和日晷等．1661年，牛頓就讀於劍橋大學的三一學院，成了一名優秀學生．1669年，年僅27歲，就擔任了劍橋的數學教授．1672年當選為英國皇家學會會員．
1685～1687年，在天文學家哈雷的鼓勵和贊助下，牛頓發表了著名的《自然哲學的數學原理》，完成了具有歷史意義的發現——運動定律和萬有引力定律，對近代自然科學的發展，作出了重大貢獻．1703年，當選為英國皇家學會會長．1727年3月27日，逝世於倫敦郊外的一個小村落里．
牛頓不僅對於力學，在其他方面也有很大貢獻．在數學方面，他發現了二項式定理，創立了微積分學；在光學方面，進行了太陽光的色散實驗，證明了白光是由單色光復合而成的，研究了顏色的理論，還發明了反射望遠鏡．
10. 關於牛頓的英語作文
您好，以下是一篇關於牛頓的英語作文，附帶漢語對照，希望您喜歡：
British great physicist, mathematician, astronomer.The boon space Si say:"Newton established astronomy because of discovering gravitational theory, because of carry on light of resolve but established the optics of science, established mathematics of science because of establishing binomial equation axioms and infinite theories, established the mechanics of science because of knowing the man's natural character of the mechanics."Really, Newton made to lay foundation stone sexual contribution in the natural science realm and be rated as science huge Jiang.
Newton was born at a farmer family of Lincolnshire in British the north.In 1661 pass examination Cambridge university the inside Ni Di a school especially, graate in 1665, at this time just in time plague, Newton goes home to avoid epidemic disease for two years, the period almost considered his whole life in each aspect study, especially he wins from cradle to the grave of a few major contributions:Gravitational theory, classic mechanics, calculus and optics.
Newton discovers gravitational theory, built up classic mechanics, he uses a formula the biggest ephemeris sport in the cosmos and minimum grain sport of the son unify.The cosmos becomes thus clear:All of whichever sports are to without cause take place, is all long long of a series of cause and effect chain be an appearance, a link within, is can accurate description.People break several thoughts that the wills of thousand in the last years absolute beings rule world, start believe there is no thing is can't be accurate by intelligence knowing of.Compare at his ories, Newton greater contribution makes people from now on start believe science.
Newton is 1 far far above the wise science giant of the in those days owner, his quest to the truth is a such Chi fan, with as for all of his ories results just reveal to the public under the urge sincerely of other people and say that the creation is the biggest fun to Newton.
英國偉大的物理學家、數學家、天文學家。恩格斯說：「牛頓由於發現了萬有引力定律而創立了天文學，由於進行光的分解而創立了科學的光學，由於創立了二項式定理和無限理論而創立了科學的數學，由於認識了力學的本性而創立了科學的力學。」的確，牛頓在自然科學領域里作了奠基性的貢獻，堪稱科學巨匠。
牛頓出生於英國北部林肯郡的一個農民家庭。1661年考上劍橋大學特里尼蒂學校，1665年畢業，這時正趕上鼠疫，牛頓回家避疫兩年，期間幾乎考慮了他一生中所研究的各個方面，特別是他一生中的幾個重要貢獻：萬有引力定律、經典力學、微積分和光學。
牛頓發現萬有引力定律，建立了經典力學，他用一個公式將宇宙中最大天體的運動和最小粒子的運動統一起來。宇宙變得如此清晰：任何一個運動都不是無故發生，都是長長的一系列因果鏈條中的一個狀態、一個環節，是可以精確描述的。人們打破幾千年來神的意志統治世界的思想，開始相信沒有任何東西是智慧所不能確切知道的。相比於他的理論，牛頓更偉大的貢獻是使人們從此開始相信科學。
牛頓是一個遠遠超過那個時代所有人智慧的科學巨人，他對真理的探索是如此痴迷，以至於他的理論成果都是在別人的敦促下才公諸於世的，對牛頓來說創造本身就是最大的樂趣。