高中英語現在分詞講解dos

A. 高中英語 現在分詞和過去分詞的區別

現在分詞和過去分詞主要差別在於：現在分詞表示「主動和進行」，過去分詞表示「被動和完成」（不及物動詞的過去分詞不表示被動，只表示完成）。分詞可以有自己的狀語、賓語或邏輯主語等。
1）分詞作狀語分詞在句子中作狀語，可以表示時間、條件、原因、結果、讓步、伴隨等。分詞做狀語時，它的邏輯主語與句子的主語一致。作狀語的分詞相當於一個狀語從句。
【例如】
Hearing the news， they all jumped with joy. Using what you know of word stems and word formations， you can make a guess at the meaning of a new word.
The students went out of the classroom， laughing and talking. Accompanied by his friend， he went to the railway station.Given better attention， the plants could grow better.
He looked tired and depressed， visibly disturbed by the news of his mother「s illness.
分詞在句子中作狀語，使用何種分詞，要取決於分詞與句子主語的關系：主謂關系用現在分詞，動賓或被動關系用過去分詞。
【例如】
Notshavingsenough hands， we turned to them for help.（we don」t have enough hands）.
Taught by mistakes and setbacks， we have become wiser and handled our affairs better. （we are taught/teach us） .Inspired by the International， the working people of all countries have been fighting for their final liberation. （the working people were inspired/ inspire the working people）____the earth to be flat， many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge. （CET-4 1996，6）
A）shavingsbelieved B） Believing C） Believed D） Being believed
本句意思為：相信地球是平的，許多人擔心哥倫布會從邊上掉下去。許多人與相信之間是主謂關系，及分詞與主語之間為主謂關系。因此，應用現在分詞，答案為B.
No matter how frequently ____， the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. （CET-4 1995，6）
A） performing B） performed C） to be performed D） being performed
本句中貝多芬的作品被反復表演，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關系，應該用過去分詞，故答案為B.
____as it was at such a time， his work attracted much attention. （CET-4 1996，1）
A） Being published B） Published C） Publishing D） To be published
本句中as引導的是讓步狀語從句，意思為：他的作品盡管在被這樣的時候出版，還是引起了關注，可見分詞與句子的主語之間是被動關系，應該用過去分詞，故答案為B.
2）「while （ when， once， until， if ， though等連詞）＋分詞」結構現在分詞或過去分詞作狀語時，有時可以在分詞前加while，when， once， although， until， if等連詞。
【例如】
When leaving the airport， she waved again and again to us.While waiting for the train， I had a long talk with my sister about her work..
Once recovered， he threw himselfsintoshis work and made every effort to do it well.
Although working very hard， he failed to pass the final exam.If translated word by word， the passage will be difficult to understand.
3）分詞作定語分詞作定語時，單個的分詞通常放在被修飾的名詞之前，分詞短語一般置於所修飾的中心詞後面。現在分詞修飾的是發出該動作的名詞（即與名詞有主謂關系），過去分詞修飾承受該動作的名詞（即與名詞是動賓關系）。
【例如】
We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.
This is really an exhausting day to all of us！
We can see the part of the moon lighted by sunlight.
After a night spent in excitement and sleeplessness， I forced myself to take a long walk along the beach the next day.
More and more developing countries established strategic partnership with developed countries.
The young sitting between my sister and my brother is my cousin Jack..
As early as 1649 Ohio made a decision that free， tax-supported schools must be established in every town ____50 households or more. （CET-4 1998，1）
A）shavingsB） to have C） to have had D）shavingshad Town
後面由分詞做定語，而且town本身有50或以上人家，故town與分詞間為主謂關系，應該用現在分詞，答案為A。
4）分詞作賓語補足語現在分詞在see， watch， hear， observe， notice， feel， find， glimpse， glance等感官動詞和look at， listen to等短語動詞以及have， keep， get， catch， leave， set， start， send等使役動詞後面與名詞或代詞構成復合賓語，作賓語補語的成分。
【例如】
On the top of the hill， we could see smoke rising from the chimneys in the village.
The little boy sat beside the railway line and watched the trains roaring by.
We should not leave him wondering what he should do.
I am sorry to have kept you waiting for such a long time.
I caught him dozing off in class.
過去分詞可以在allow， ask， consider， desire， expect， feel， find， get， have， hear， imagine， keep， like， make， observe， order， permit， prefer， remember， request， require， see， urge動詞等後面作賓語補足語。
【例如】
After my encounter with her， I found myself greatly shaken.You should keep her informed of what is going on here.The teacher expected the students well prepared for the examination.
在動詞see， hear， feel， watch， notice，perceive，observe， listen to， look at後既可用現在分詞做補語，也可用不定式做補語。用現在分詞表示動作正在進行，用不定式表示的動作的全過程已經完成。
【例如】
I saw Mr. White get off a bus.
I saw Mr. White lookingsintosa shop window.
——Do you hear someone knocking at the door？
——Yes， I did. I heard him knock three times.
5）分詞作表語分詞作表語通常看作形容詞來用。現在分詞表示主語的性質，而且主語多為物；過去分詞表示主語的感受或狀態，主語多為人。
【例如】
The film「Pearl Harbor」is really exciting. I am excited about it.
His response to the question was quite disappointing. I felt disappointed at his response.

B. 高中英語分詞語法問題

分詞作狀語。
Rising 553 metres into the sky,it is the tallest tower in the world!
逗號後面是句子（主系表句型），逗號前面不是句子，（若是句子則需要一個並列連詞或從屬連詞，否則兩個句子靠逗號連接一般是不符合語法的），那它不是句子是什麼呢？一般是狀語，並且它的邏輯主語是後面句子的主語，此處主語和前面的非謂語動詞rising 553 metres into the sky是邏輯上的主謂（又叫主動）關系，所以用ving形式。
It is like an underground city,covering an area of more than 20 football pitches
此句逗號前面是句子（主系表句型），逗號後面不是句子是狀語，句子的主語和後面的非謂語動詞是邏輯上的主謂（主動）關系，所以也用ving形式

C. 高中英語非謂語動詞講解

一、非謂語動詞種類及句法功能
（一）概述：
在英語中，不作句子謂語，而具有除謂語外其他語法功能的動詞，叫做非謂語動詞。非謂語動詞有動詞不定式（the Infinitive）；動名詞（the Gerund）；現在分詞（the Present Participle）；過去分詞（the Past Participle）。
1．非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的相同點有：
（1）如果是及物動詞都可與賓語連用，例如：
They built a garden.
They suggested building a garden.
（2）都可以被狀語修飾：
The suit fits him very well.
The suit used to fit him very well.
（3）都有主動與被動, 「體」式（一般式；進行式；完成式）的變化。例如：
He was punished by his parents.（謂語動詞被動語態）
He avoided being punished by his parents.（動名詞的被動式）
We have written the composition.（謂語動詞的完成時）
Having written the composition, we handed it in.（現在分詞的完成式）
（4）都可以有邏輯主語
They started the work at once.（謂語動詞的邏輯主語）
The boss ordered them to start the work.（動詞不定式的邏輯主語）
We are League members.（謂語動詞的主語）
We being League member, the work was well done.
（現在分詞的邏輯主語）
2、非謂語動詞與謂語動詞的不同點有：
（1）非謂語動詞可以有名詞作用（如動詞不定式和動名詞），在句中做主語、賓語、表語。
（2）非謂語動詞可以有形容詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中做定語、表語或賓語補足語。
（3）非謂語動詞可以有副詞作用（如動詞不定式和分詞），在句中作狀語。
（二）非謂語動詞的句法功能：

二、非謂語動詞用法：
（一）動詞不定式：（to）+do，具有名詞、形容詞、副詞的特徵。
1．不定式的形式：（以動詞write為例）

否定式：not + (to) do
（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生或發生在謂語動詞動作之後，
例如：
I'm glad to meet you.
He seems to know a lot.
We plan to pay a visit.
He wants to be an artist.
The patient asked to be operated on at once.
The teacher ordered the work to be done.
（2）進行式：不定式的進行式所表示的動作與謂語動詞動作同時發生，例如：
The boy pretended to be working hard.
He seems to be reading in his room.
（3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的動作發生在謂語動詞動作之前，例如：
I regretted to have told a lie.
I happened to have seen the film.
He is pleased to have met his friend.
2．不定式的句法功能：
（1）作主語：
To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard.
To lose your heart means failure.
動詞不定式短語作主語時，常用it作形式主語，例如上面兩句可用如下形式：
It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes.
It means failure to lose your heart.
（2）作表語：
Her job is to clean the hall.
He appears to have caught a cold.
（3）作賓語：
常與不定式做賓語連用的動詞有：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, agree, promise, prefer, 如果不定式（賓語）後面有賓語補足語，則用it作形式賓語，真正的賓語（不
定式）後置，放在賓語補足語後面，例如：
Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia.
動詞不定式也可充當介詞賓語，如：
I have no choice but to stay here.
He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike.
動詞不定式前有時可與疑問詞連用，如：
He gave us some advice on how to learn English.
（4）作賓語補足語：
在復合賓語中，動詞不定式可充當賓語補足語，如下動詞常跟這種復合賓語：want, wish, ask, tell, order, beg, permit, help, advise, persuade, allow, prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite.
此外，介詞有時也與這種復合賓語連用，如：
With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema．
有些動詞如make, let, see, watch, hear, feel, have等與不帶有to的不定式連用，但改為被動語態時，不定式要加to, 如：
I saw him cross the road.
He was seen to cross the road.
（5）作定語：
動詞不定式作定語，放在所修飾的名詞或代詞後。與所修飾名詞有如下關系：
①動賓關系：
I have a meeting to attend.
注意：不定式為不及物動詞時，所修飾的名詞如果是地點、工具等，應有必要的介詞，如：
He found a good house to live in.
The child has nothing to worry about.
What did you open it with?
如果不定式修飾time, place, way，可以省略介詞：
He has no place to live.
This is the best way to work out this problem.
如果不定式所修飾名詞是不定式動作承受者，不定式可用主動式也可用被動式：
Have you got anything to send?
Have you got anything to be sent?
②說明所修飾名詞的內容：
We have made a plan to finish the work.
③被修飾名詞是不定式邏輯主語：
He is the first to get here.
（6）作狀語：
①表目的：
He worked day and night to get the money.
She sold her hair to buy the watch chain.
注意不定式放句首時，邏輯主語與句子主語要一致：
wrong：To save money, every means has been tried.
right：To save money, he has tried every means.
wrong：To learn English well, a dictionary is needed.
right：To learn English well, he needs a dictionary.
②表結果：
He arrived late to find the train gone.
常用only放在不定式前表示強調：
I visited him only to find him out.
③表原因：
They were very sad to hear the news.
④表程度：
It's too dark for us to see anything.
The question is simple for him to answer.
（7）作獨立成分：
To tell you the truth, I don't like the way he talked.
（8）不定式的省略：保留to省略do動詞。
If you don't want to do it, you don't need to.
（9）不定式的並列：第二個不定式可省略to。
He wished to study medicine and become a doctor.
（二）動名詞：
動名詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有名詞的句法功能。
1．動名詞的形式：

否定式：not + 動名詞
（1）一般式：
Seeing is believing. 眼見為實。
（2）被動式：
He came to the party without being invited．他未被邀請就來到了晚會。
（3）完成式：
We remembered having seen the film. 我們記得看過這部電影。
（4）完成被動式：
He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.
他忘記五歲時曾被帶到廣州去過。
（5）否定式：not + 動名詞
I regret not following his advice. 我後悔沒聽他的勸告。
（6）復合結構：物主代詞（或名詞所有格）+ 動名詞
He suggested our trying it once again. 他建議我們再試一次。
His not knowing English troubled him a lot.
他不懂英語給他帶來許多麻煩。
2．動名詞的句法功能：
（1）作主語：
Reading aloud is very helpful. 朗讀是很有好處的。
Collecting stamps is interesting. 集郵很有趣。
當動名詞短語作主語時常用it作形式主語。
It's no use quarrelling.爭吵是沒用的。
（2）作表語：
In the ant city, the queen's job is laying eggs.
在螞蟻王國，蟻後的工作是產卵。
（3）作賓語：
They haven't finished building the dam. 他們還沒有建好大壩。
We have to prevent the air from being polluted.
我們必須阻止空氣被污染。
注意動名詞既可作動詞賓語也可作介詞賓語，如上面兩個例句。此外，動名詞作賓語時，若跟有賓語補足語，則常用形式賓語it，例如：
We found it no good making fun of others. 我們發現取笑他人不好。
要記住如下動詞及短語只跟動名詞作賓語：
enjoy, finish, suggest, avoid（避免）, excuse ,delay, imagine, keep, miss, consider, admit（承認），deny（否認）, mind, permit, forbid, practise, risk（冒險）, appreciate（感激）, be busy, be worth, feel like, can't stand, can't help（情不自禁地）, think of, dream of, be fond of, prevent…(from),keep …from, stop…（from）,protect…from, set about, be engaged in, spend…(in), succeed in, be used to, look forward to, object to, pay attention to, insist on, feel like
（4）作定語：
He can't walk without a walking-stick. 他沒有拐杖不能走路。
Is there a swimming pool in your school? 你們學校有游泳池嗎？
（5）作同位語：
The cave, his hiding-place is secret. 那個山洞，他藏身的地方很秘密。
His habit, listening to the news on the radio remains unchanged．
他收聽收音機新聞節目的習慣仍未改變。
（三）現在分詞：
現在分詞既具有動詞的一些特徵，又具有形容詞和副詞的句法功能。
1、現在分詞的形式：

否定式：not + 現在分詞
（1）現在分詞的主動語態：現在分詞主動語態的一般式表示與謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發生，完成
式表示的動作在謂語動詞所表示的動作之前發生，常作狀語。例如：
They went to the park, singing and talking. 他們邊唱邊說向公園走去。
Having done his homework, he played basket-ball. 做完作業，他開始打籃球。
（2）現在分詞的被動語態：一般式表示與謂語動詞同時發生的被動的動作，完成式表示發生在謂語動
詞之前的被動的動作。
The problem being discussed is very important. 正在被討論的問題很重要。
Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.
被告訴了好幾遍，這個淘氣的孩子又犯了同一個錯誤。
2．現在分詞的句法功能：
（1）作定語：現在分詞作定語，當分詞單獨做定語時，放在所修飾的名詞前；如果是分詞短語做定語
放在名詞後。
In the following years he worked even harder.
在後來的幾年中，他學習更努力了。
The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor's father.
正與老師談話的那個人是我們班長的父親。
現在分詞作定語相當於一個定語從句的句法功能，如：in the following years也可用in the years that followed; the man speaking to the teacher可改為the man who is speaking to the teacher.
（2）現在分詞作表語：
The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. 正在這家上演的電影很棒。
The present situation is inspiring. 當前的形勢鼓舞人心。
be + doing既可能表示現在進行時，也可能是現在分詞做表語，它們的區別在於be + doing表示進行的動作是進行時，而表示特徵時是系動詞be與現在分詞構成系表結構。
（3）作賓語補足語：
如下動詞後可跟現在分詞作賓語補足語：
see, watch, hear, feel, find, get, keep, notice, observe, listen to, look at, leave, catch等。例如：
Can you hear her singing the song in the next room? 你能聽見她在隔壁唱歌嗎？
He kept the car waiting at the gate. 他讓小汽車在門口等著。
（4）現在分詞作狀語：
①作時間狀語：
(While) Working in the factory, he was an advanced worker.
在工廠工作時，他是一名先進工人。
②作原因狀語：
Being a League member, he is always helping others. 由於是共青團員，他經常幫助他人。
③作方式狀語，表示伴隨：
He stayed at home, cleaning and washing. 他呆在家裡，又擦又洗。
④作條件狀語：
(If) Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.
要是整天玩，你就會浪費寶貴的時間。
⑤作結果狀語：
He dropped the glass, breaking it into pieces. 他把杯子掉了，結果摔得粉碎。
⑥作目的狀語：
He went swimming the other day. 幾天前他去游泳了。
⑦作讓步狀語：
Though raining heavily, it cleared up very soon.
雖然雨下得很大，但不久天就晴了。
⑧與邏輯主語構成獨立主格：
I waiting for the bus, a bird fell on my heard．
我等汽車時，一隻鳥落到我頭上。
All the tickets having been sold out, they went away disappointedly.
所有的票已經賣光了，他們失望地離開了。
Time permitting, we'll do another two exercises.
如果時間允許，我們將做另兩個練習。
有時也可用with (without) +名詞（代詞賓格）+分詞形式
With the lights burning, he fell asleep. 他點著燈睡著了。
⑨作獨立成分：
udging from(by) his appearance, he must be an actor.
從外表看，他一定是個演員。
Generally speaking, girls are more careful. 一般說來，女孩子更細心。
（四）過去分詞：
過去分詞只有一種形式：規則動詞由動詞原形加詞尾-ed構成。不規則動詞的過去分詞沒有統一的規則要求，要一一記住。
過去分詞的句法功能：
1．過去分詞作定語：
Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我們班開展了一次有組織的旅行。
Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting. 當選為委員的人將出席這次會。
注意當過去分詞是單詞時，一般用於名詞前，如果是過去分詞短語，就放在名詞的後面。過去分詞做定語相當於一個被動語態的定語從句。
2．過去分詞作表語：
The window is broken. 窗戶破了。
They were frightened at the sad sight. 他們對眼前悲慘的景象感到很害怕。
注意：be + 過去分詞，如果表示狀態是系表結構，如果表示被動的動作是被動語態。區別：
The window is broken.（系表）
The window was broken by the boy.（被動）
有些過去分詞是不及物動詞構成的，不表示被動，只表示完成。如：
boiled water（開水） fallen leaves（落葉）
newly arrived goods（新到的貨） the risen sun（升起的太陽）
the changed world（變了的世界）
這類過去分詞有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。
3．過去分詞作賓語補足語：
I heard the song sung several times last week.
上周我聽見這首歌被唱了好幾次。
有時過去分詞做with短語中的賓語補足語：
With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他們出去玩去了。
4．過去分詞作狀語：
Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents.
受到鄰居們的表揚，他成為父母的驕傲。（表示原因）
Once seen, it can never be forgotten.
一旦它被看見，人們就忘不了。（表示時間）
Given more time, I'll be able to do it better.
如果給予更多的時間，我能做得更好。（表示條件）
Though told of the danger, he still risked his life

D. 請教有關高中英語動名詞，現在分詞，教學設計

重點是要他們區分英語動名詞，現在分詞的各自用法。