考研英語同位語從句
⑴ 考研英語長難句
emphasis on 是強調某一方面的東西,譯為」強調......「
emphasis on date就是「強調數據」,那麼是什內么樣的數據呢,後面容的 」gathered first-hand ,combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present「做的是date的後置定語,修飾的是date
⑵ 考研英語翻譯解題步驟有哪些
一、斷句,關鍵是在哪個位置斷句,這里也給大家准備好了斷句的幾個標志:
(1)標點符號(2)從屬連詞(3)並列連詞(4)短語。這幾個標志使用是有先後順序的,先標點符號最後再找短語,這樣順序的安排是有原因的,是按照由易到難這樣的順序來安排的。但是需要注意的是在這句話中用標點符號進行斷句時第一行Elizabeth Denham前後的兩個標點符號是不能用來斷句的。為什麼呢?其實仔細看會發現這個人名是在一個從句中的,如果把從句給斷開我們還能更好地理解這個句子嗎?顯然不能。所以能用來斷句的標點符號這里只有第二行which前的逗號。但前面依然很長,那麼我們就要找第二個標志從屬連詞:that。但是這裡面只有一個從屬連詞that那就是background後面的that,前面的that是指示代詞。這樣我們就把這句話斷成了三部分。
例:It is against that background /that the information commissioner, Elizabeth Denham, has issued her damning verdict against the Royal Free hospital trust under the NHS, /which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients.
二、分析每一部分的結構。
第一部分就是一個簡單的主謂賓結構,譯文為:它正處於這樣一個背景。
第二部分是一個that從句,但這里需要注意這是一個同位語從句,而不是定語從句,因為從句里不缺成分,這個同位語從句的作用就是對background的具體內容進行解釋說明。而從句里Elizabeth Denham,是同位語解釋說明the information commissioner,而 under the NHS是作定語來修飾the Royal Free hospital trust所以這句話的譯文應該是:英國信息專員伊麗莎白·德納姆(Elizabeth Denham)對英國國民醫療服務體系下的皇家自由醫院信託基金(Royal Free hospital trust)做出了嚴厲的判決。還有另外一個結構which handed over to DeepMind the records of 1.6 million patients. 這是一個定語從句用來修飾 Royal Free hospital trust,譯文為:該信託基金將160萬名患者的病歷交給了DeepMind。
譯文:它正處於這樣一個背景:英國信息專員伊麗莎白·德納姆(Elizabeth Denham)對英國國民醫療服務體系下的皇家自由醫院信託基金(Royal Free hospital trust)做出了嚴厲的判決,該信託基金將160萬名患者的病歷交給了DeepMind.
句子結構梳理清楚了之後整個句子理解起來就要容易的多了。所以無論做任何題都必須要掌正確的方法才能保證准確以及高效。最後送給大家一句話:高山可攀,但需努力。
考研英語翻譯解題步驟有哪些?小編就說到這里了,更多關於考研報名入口,報名時間,考研成績查詢,報名費用,考研准考證列印入口及時間等問題,小編會及時更新。希望各位考生都能進入自己的理想院校。大家一定要掌握備考技巧。
⑶ 考研英語如何復習語法
首先,考抄研英語不單獨考襲察語法,而是將語法長難句穿插在閱讀、翻譯和寫作當中間接考察。
其次,考研英語語法在高中階段均已涉及,然而,其復雜程度是高中英語不可比擬的。並且,和高中相比,考研英語語法的針對性更強。
1. 在長難句中,重點關註:
l 從句,包括名詞性從句(主語從句,賓語從句,同位語從句),定語從句(限定性和非限定性定語從句),狀語從句(時間,地點,方式),省略句等;
l 非謂語動詞,包括動詞不定式,動詞ing形式,和過去分詞
l 特殊用法,如倒裝,強調
2. 寫作中,重點關註:
l 一句話只能有一個謂語動詞(這也是為何在分析長難句時需要首先找到主句的謂語動詞),如超過一個謂語動詞,需要考慮用and/or等連詞連接,或者用從句、非謂語動詞改裝句子
⑷ 考研英語同位語從句和定語從句有哪些區別
兩種從句的區別主要在以下三方面:
▶從詞類上區別
同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word,
thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise,
order等有一定內涵的名詞,而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞,主句的一部分或是整個主句,如: The possibility that the
majority of the labor force will work at home is often
discussed.人們經常討論大多數勞動力將會在家裡工作的可能性。(同位語從句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我們的隊贏了,這讓我們很高興。(定語從句)
▶從性質上區別
定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬於形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進一步的說明和解釋,屬於名詞性從句的范疇,如: The
news that our team has won the game was true.
我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。(同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個什麼消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的。(定語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語。)
▶從引導詞及其在句子中的成分上區別
有些引導詞如how, whether, what可以引導同位語從句,但不能引導定語從句,如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered.
我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮。(同位語從句)
引導詞that引導定語從句時,在從句中一般做主語或賓語(指物時還可以用which代替),並且作賓語時常常省略,that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用,不充當任何成分,並且不能省略,也不能用which來代替,如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was
received yesterday.
我們應派幾個人去幫別的幾個小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語從句,是對order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people
to help the other groups.
我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組。(定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以省略。)
⑸ 考研英語同位語句型怎麼翻譯
首先,我們需要能夠判斷出來什麼樣的結構才能算是同位語。簡單來說,n. + that 引導的從句,且that在從句中不作成分,那麼基本就可以判斷that引導的是同位語從句。其中作為先行詞的名詞通常是一些抽象名詞,比如說, fact, truth, idea,suggestion, problem, 等。
辨認出同位語從句之後,我們就需要運用一定的翻譯方法翻譯出這些句子。總的來說,有兩種翻譯方法:
(一)先行詞在主句中做主語,我們可以先譯從句,再譯主句。
【例】 But the idea that the journalist must understand the law more profoundly than an ordinary citizen rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media.
【解析】首先,我們可以看到,這句話中是idea後面有一個that引導的從句,而that在這個從句中沒有做任何成分,所以這里的that從句是一個同位語從句。而這句話的主幹是the idea rests on an understanding of the established conventions and special responsibilities of the news media. 先行詞idea在主句中做的是主語。所以我們在翻譯時可以先翻譯從句,也就是idea的內容,再翻主句,即the idea怎麼樣。這樣翻譯也是比較合乎我們漢語的表達習慣和邏輯的。
【翻譯】 但是記者必須比普通公民更深刻地理解法律這一觀點是基於對新聞媒體既定規則和特殊責任的理解。
(二)先行詞在主句中做賓語,我們可以先譯主句,再譯從句。主從之間可以用「即」,冒號,或者破折號連接。
【例】Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought.
【解析】在這句話中,仍然可以發現是idea後面加了一個that引導的從句,而且that在這個從句中也沒有做任何成分,因此也可以判斷這是個由that引導的同位語從句。而這句話的主句是Whorf developed the idea,先行詞the idea在主句中做賓語,所以我們在翻譯時可以先翻譯主句,然後再解釋the idea是什麼。
【翻譯】沃爾夫提出了一個觀點,即語言的結構決定了習慣性思維的結構。
⑹ 如何區分考研定語從句和同位語從句
同位語從句和定語從句很相似,但還是有區別的,區別主要在以下三方面:
1. 從詞類上區別
同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea,fact,news,hope,belief,suggestion,proposal,word,thought,doubt,truth,possibility,promise,order等有一定內涵的名詞,而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞,主句的一部分或是整個主句,如:
The possibility that the majority of the labour force will work at home is often discussed.人們經常討論大多數勞動力將會在家裡工作的可能性。(同位語從句)
Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我們的隊贏了,這讓我們很高興。(定語從句)
2. 從性質上區別
定語從句是從句對其先行詞的修飾或限制,屬於形容詞性從句的范疇;而同位語從句是從句對前面抽象名詞的進一步的說明和解釋,屬於名詞性從句的范疇,如:
The news that our team has won the game was true. 我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。(同位語從句,補充說明news到底是一個什麼消息。)
The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告訴我考研英語真題的那個消息是真的。(定語從句,news在從句中作told的賓語。)
3. 從引導詞及其在句子中的成分上區別
有些引導詞如how, whether, what可以引導同位語從句,但不能引導定語從句,如:
That question whether we need it has not been considered. 我們是否需要它這個問題還沒有考慮。(同位語從句)
引導詞that引導定語從句時,在從句中一般作主語或賓語(指物時還可以用which代替),並且作賓語時常常省略,that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用,不充當任何成分,並且不能省略,也不能用which來代替,如:
The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday. 我們應派幾個人去幫別的幾個小組的命令昨天收到了。(同位語從句,是對order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,但不能省略。)
The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups. 我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組。(定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以省略。)
【真題例句】
The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by mounting evidence that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and by the continuing controversy over suggestions that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
【解析】
句子可拆分為:The issue of //whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, //has been highlighted //by mounting evidence //that the Red Planet once had abundant stable, liquid water and //by the continuing controversy over suggestions //that bacterial fossils rode to Earth on a meteorite from Mars.
主句為:The issue of whether life ever existed on the planet, and whether it persists to this day, has been highlighted by… and by…。主句主語的結構為: The issue of whether…and whether…。of 短語修飾the issue, of 短語較長一般譯在後面;that the Red Planet…是evidence的同位語從心理學考研句,(即是evidence的具體內容)。that bacterial fossils…是suggestions的同位語從句,說明suggestions的具體內容。)第一個同位語從句可以直接翻譯在所修飾詞後面。第二個同位語可以放在所修飾的名詞前面,充當定語。
【參考譯文】
越來越多的證據表明,這個紅色行星上曾經有穩定而豐富的液態水,而且人們對從火星落到地球上的細菌化考研英語參考 書石隕石的說法一直有爭論,使火星上是否存在過生命和是否至今仍有生命的問題成為了引人注目的重點。
⑺ 考研英語最長句子是
「The term 『antiscience』 can lump together too many, quite different things,」 notes Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science, 「They have in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselves as more enlightened.」
[參考譯文]
哈佛大學哲學教授傑拉爾德•霍爾頓在他1993年出版的《科學和反科學》一書中指出:「『反科學』一詞把太多很不相同的內容混為一談——而這些內容只有一點是共同的,那就是它們往往惹惱或者威脅到那些自以為比別人知識更多的人。」
[結構分析]
本句是一個直接引語,說話人是Harvard University philosopher Gerald Holton,動詞note在此處的意思是「指出」。直接引語的第一部分是個簡單句,其中lump together的字面意思是「把…混為一談,把…歸並到一起」。直接引語的第二部分比較復雜,主幹是They have in common only one thing…,that they tend to annoy or threaten those…是同位語從句,說明先行詞one thing的具體內容,其中those帶有一個修飾它的定語從句who regard themselves as more enlightened。這一部分的難點之一是代詞的指代問題:第一個they指代直接引語第一部分的too many, quite different things,因為they一般指代復數名詞;第二個they也是一樣;themselves就近指代前面的those,指人。要判斷指代關系,可以根據 「單復數」和「就近原則」等標准進行,然後將確定的指代對象代入,看是否通順和合乎邏輯。
⑻ 如何區分考研英語中的定語從句與同位語從句
解釋如下
同位語從句和定語從句在形式上基本相同,我們可以從三個方面來加以區別。
(1)根據that來區別。引導定語從句的that是關系代詞,除了起連接主句和從句的作用外,還代替先行詞在從句中充當一個成分。而且這個that還常可以用which來代替。引導同位語從句的that是個連詞,只起連接主句和從句的作用,在從句中不充當任何成分,也不能用which來代替。例如:
The fact that(which) we talked about is very important.我們所談論的那個事實很重要。(that在從句中作about的賓語)
The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody.他實驗成功這個事實使我們大家很高興。(that只起連接作用)
再如:The news that you heard is true.你聽到的消息是真的。(that在從句中作heard的賓語)
(2)根據先行詞來區別。
定語從句的先行詞可以是人,也可以是具體事物或抽象概念。定語從句在復合同中相當於形容詞,對這些先行詞起修飾、描述或限制的作用。例如:
The moon is a satellite that goes around the earth.月亮是圍繞地球運轉的一顆衛星。
同位語所進一步說明的詞則是抽象意義的概念,如:fact,result,discovery,news,hope,reason,proposal,thought等。同位語的作用相當於名詞,對前面的名詞給予補充說明或進一步解釋。例如:
He has an idea that he can make the scientific instrument in a better way.他想到能用更好的方法製造這種科學儀器。(從句是idea的具體內容)
He expressed the hope that he would come to China a-gain.他表達了他要再來中國的希望。(從句是hope的具體內容)
(3)根據引導詞來區別。
如果引導從句的詞為when,where,why或者how,而其前面的名詞又分別表示時間、地點、原因或方式方法等意義,則它們為關系副詞,引導的是定語從句。例如:
I』ll never forget the day when I saw the Great Wall.我永遠不會忘記我見到長城的那一天。
而這些連接副詞與前面的名詞意義不相關時,這些詞便是連接副詞,引導同位語從句前面的名詞往往也是idea,truth,news等。例如:
The question when we will start the work is not decided.我們何時開始工作的問題尚未決定。
You have no idea how worried I was.你不知道我是多麼擔心。
⑼ 考研英語長難句分析
在考研英語試卷中,長難句日益成為閱讀理解中出現頻率很高的考試重點。同時,它也是翻譯題中常出現的考查難點。對於考生來說,長難句也是考卷中得分較難的一部分。所以,本文向2016正處於復習中的同學們,講一講考研英語長難句的結構解析技巧。
英語長句也就是復雜句,裡面可能會有多個從句,從句與從句之間的關系可能為並列、包含與被包含、鑲嵌等形式。因此分析長難句或者翻譯長難句,首要解決的應該是弄清楚從句以及清楚從句之間的關系。英語經常出現的復合句包括:名詞性從句,它又包括主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句和同位語從句;形容詞性從句,即定語從句;另外還有狀語從句。
那麼,有些同學可能會問,究竟該怎樣來分析長難句呢?有以下幾點最為基礎的步驟需要考生們記住:
1、找出全句的主語、謂語和賓語,即句子的主幹結構;
2、找出句中所有從句的引導詞及其所引導的謂語結構;
3、找出句中所有的非謂語結構、介詞短語;
4、分析從句和短語的功能(例如,是否為主語從句、賓語從句、表語從句或狀語從句等)以及詞、短語和從句之間的關系;
5、分析句子中是否有固定片語或固定搭配、插入語等其他成分。
例:
Of course, some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary, but a free and democratic society functions best when it leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.
句子拆分:
拆分點參考:標點,並列連詞,從屬連詞
Of course,// some regulation is inevitable and undoubtedly necessary, //but a free and democratic society functions best //when it leaves the resolution of its ethical quandaries to the reasoned judgment of its citizens rather than the regulatory authority of the government.
參考譯文:
當然,某些規定是不可避免並且是必需的,但是只有當社會讓民眾通過自己的理智判斷而非政府管制去解決道德難題時,一個自由民主的社會才能最大限地發揮其功能。
⑽ 知識講解:2016考研英語語法指導——如何區分考研英語中的定語從句與同位語從句
下面是摘自朱振斌編的《高中英語語法通霸》,希望能解決你的問題。
同位語從句和定語從句
第一部分:考點精講精練
例題:
He told me the news this morning ______ his father had come back.
A. which B. that C. which or that
答案是B。那麼A為什麼不可以呢?
要弄明白這個問題,就要搞清楚定語從句和同位語從句的區別。同位語從句和定語從句很相似,但還是有區別的,區別主要在以下三方面:
A. 從詞類上區別
同位語從句前面的名詞只能是idea, fact, news, hope, belief, suggestion, proposal, word, thought, doubt, truth, possibility, promise, order等有一定內涵的名詞;而定語從句的先行詞可以是名詞、代詞,主句的一部分或是整個主句。如:
① We are now looking into the question whether he is worth trusting.
我們正在調查的問題不是他是否值得信賴的問題。(同位語從句)
② Word came that he had been abroad.
據說他已經出國了。(同位語從句)
③ Our team has won the game, which made us very happy.
我們隊贏了,這讓我們很高興。(定語從句)
B. 從性質上區別
定語從句對其先行詞起修飾或限製作用,功能上相當於形容詞;而同位語從句是對前面抽象名詞的進一步的說明和解釋,是名詞的具體內容,屬於名詞性從句的范疇。如:
① The news that our team has won the game was true.
我們隊贏了那場比賽的消息是真的。
(同位語從句,說明news到底是一個什麼消息)
② The news that he told me yesterday was true.
昨天他告訴我的那個消息是真的。
(定語從句, 指他告訴我的消息)
③ I made a promise that if anyone set me free I would make him very rich.
我許諾如果誰讓我自由,我就讓他非常富有。
(同位語從句,補充說明promise的內容)
④ The mother made a promise that pleased all her children.
媽媽做出了一個令她的孩子們高興的許諾。
(定語從句, promise在從句中作pleased的主語)
C. 引導詞上的區別
i. 引導詞that
引導詞that引導定語從句時,作從句的一個成分,有時可用which替換,作賓語時常常省略;而that在同位語從句中僅起連接作用,不充當任何成分,並且不能省略,也不能用which來代替。
例:判斷下列句子是同位語從句還是定語從句。
① The order that we should send a few people to help the other groups was received yesterday.
我們應派幾個人去幫別的小組的命令昨天收到了。
② The order that we received yesterday was that we should send a few people to help the other groups.
我們昨天收到的命令是我們應該派幾個人去幫助別的幾個小組。
解析:
①是同位語從句,是對order的具體解釋,that雖不作成分,不能換為which, 也不能省略。
②是定語從句,是名詞order的修飾語,that在從句中作received的賓語,可以換為which,也可以省略。
ii. how, whether, what雖不能引導定語從句,卻可引導同位語從句;who, whose, whom, which, when, where, why除引導定語從句外,也可引導同位語從句。(參看P. 124第1講)
iii. 定語從句的引導詞反映的是先行詞的意思,而同位語從句的引導詞在意思上和前面的詞沒有聯系。
① The reason that he gave for his coming late was not true.
② The reason that his alarm clock was broken was not true.
在①中,that的意思是reason, 在定語從句中作give的賓語。在②句中,that只起連接作用,不含有the reason的意思。
iv. 在定語從句中,關系副詞可以換為「介詞+關系代詞」,而引導同位語從句的連接副詞卻不能換為「介詞+連接代詞」的形式。
① The suggestion where he stressed the importance of exercising was very practical.
② The suggestion where we should exercise regularly is very practical.
在上面的句①中,where可以換為in which;在句②中,where不能換為in which。
例:判斷下列句子是同位語從句還是定語從句。
① That question whether we need it has not been considered.
② I have no idea what has happened to him.
③ I haven』t answered the question how I will deal with it.
④ The school where Bob studies is in the middle of the city.
⑤ The decision when we should get started hasn』t been made.
解析:①、②、③是同位語從句,它們是在說明前面詞的內容, whether, what和how不能引導定語從句。
④是定語從句,where反映的是先行詞的意思,可以換為in which。
⑤是同位語從句。從句是在說明decision的內容。when並沒有反映the decision的意思。when也不能改為 at which time。
練習
1. The news ______ he has been elected president of the United States is true.
A. that B which C. what D. where
2. The news ______ you told me yesterday is true.
A. that B when C. what D. where
3. 【2006重慶】Nobody believed his reason for being absent from the class ______ he had to meet his uncle at the air port.
A. why B. that C. where D. because
4. Is this the reason ______ he explained at the meeting for his carelessness in his work?
A. that B. what C. how D. why
5. Galileo collected the facts ______ proved the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
6. Galileo discovered the fact ______ the earth and all the other planets move around the sun.
A. that B. which C. / D. A and B
7. 【2006安徽】A warm thought suddenly came to me ______ I might use the pocket money to buy some flowers for my mother』s birthday.
A. if B. when C. that D. which
8. 【2004上海】A story goes ______ ElizabethⅠof England liked nothing more than being surrounded by clever and qualified noblemen at court.
A. when B. where C. what D. that
9. There is much chance ______ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.
A. that B. which C. until D. if
10. 【2009浙江】—Is there any possibility ______ you could pick me up at the airport ?
—No problem.
A. when B. that C. whether D. what
11. Three days later, word came ______ our country had sent up another man-made satellite.
A. which B. when C. that D. where
12. 【2009重慶】We should consider the students』 request ______ the school library provide more books on popular science.
A. that B. when C. which D. where
第二部分:綜合能力提升
I. 改錯(每題只有一個錯誤)
13. 【2007天津】However, I was lucky enough to have a teacher who didn』t take my bad grades as a judgement of my abilities, but simply as an indication how I should study harder. how改為that
14. 【2007全國Ⅱ】My school is organizing a basketball team and there' s just a chance which I can join it. (which改為that)
II. 語法填空(每空之多填三詞)
15. He made a decision ______ he had to work hard from then on. that
16. He made a decision ______ annoyed his parents. that/ which
17. 【2009四川】News came from the school office ______ Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University. that
III. 寫作技能提升
18. 我已經自己許下承諾,畢業前我再也不玩電腦了。(make a promise to, graation)
19. 當消息傳來不久你就將回國,我們真的很難過。(sad, word came )
20. 有諺語說「熟能生巧」,因此如果你想學好英語,你必須在它上面多花費時間。(a saying goes that)
21. 我相信如果你盡力而為,有很大的可能性你最後會成功的。(a great chance)