學術英語理工課後答案

『肆』 學術英語理工類 text15 和 text 18 的課文翻譯

1.If you want to spark a heated debate at a dinner party, bringup the topic of genetically
Modifiedfoods. For many people, the concept of genetically altered, high-tech cropproction raises all kinds of environmental, health, safety and ethicalquestions. Particularly in countries with long agrarian traditions -- and vocalgreen lobbies -- the idea seems against nature. 如果你想在某次晚宴上挑起一場激烈的爭論，那就提出轉基因食品的話題吧。對許多人來說，高科技的轉基因作物生產的概念會帶來諸如環境、健康、安全和倫理等方面的各種問題。特別是在有悠久的農業生產傳統和主張環保的游說集團的國家裡，轉基因食品的主意似乎有悖自然。
2. Infact, genetically modified foods are already very much a part of our lives. Athird of the corn and more than half the soybeans and cotton grown in the USlast year were the proct of biotechnology, according to the Department ofAgriculture. More than 65 million acres of genetically modified crops will beplanted in the US this year. The genetic is out of the bottle. 事實上，轉基因食品已經成為我們生活重要的一部分。根據農業部的統計，美國去年所種植玉米的1／3，大豆和棉花的一半以上都是生物技術的產物。今年，美國將種植6500多萬英畝的轉基因作物。基因妖怪已經從瓶子里跑出來了。
3.Yet there are clearly some very real issues that need to beresolved. Like any new proct entering the food chain, genetically modifiedfoods must be subjected to rigorous testing. In wealthy countries, the debateabout biotech is tempered by the fact that we have a rich array of foods tochoose from -- and a supply that far exceeds our needs. In developing countriesdesperate to feed fast-growing and underfed populations; the issue is simplerand much more urgent: Do the benefits of biotech outweigh the risks?
但是，顯然還有一些非常現實的問題需要解決。就像任何一種要進入食物鏈的新食品一樣，轉基因食品必須經過嚴格的檢驗。在富裕的國家裡，由於有大量豐富的食品可供選擇，而且供應遠遠超過需求，所以關於生物技術的爭論相對緩和一些。在迫切想要養活其迅速增長而又吃不飽的人口的發展中國家，問題比較簡單，也更加緊迫：生物技術的好處是否大於風險呢?
4.The statistics on population growth and hunger are disturbing.Last year the world's population reached 6 billion. And by 2050, the UNestimates, it will probably near 9 billion. Almost all that growth will occurin developing countries. At the same time, the world's available cultivableland per person is declining. Arable land has declined steadily since 1960 andwill decease by
half over the next 50 years, according to the InternationalService for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA).
關於人口增長和飢餓的統計數字讀來令人感到不安。去年，世界人口達到了60億。聯合國預測，到2D0年，這個數字很可能將接近90億，而增加的人口幾乎都來自發展中國家。與此同時，世界人均耕地正在減少。國際農業生物工程應用技術采購管理局(ISAAA)稱，自1960年以來，耕地面積一直持續下降，並將在今後50年減少一半。
5The UN estimates that nearly 800 million people around theworld are undernourished. The effects are devastating. About 400 million womenof childbearing age are iron deficient, which means their babies are exposed tovarious birth defects. As many as 100 million children
suffer from vitamin A deficiency, a leading cause of blindness.Tens of millions of people suffer from other major ailments and nutritionaldeficiencies caused by lack of food.
聯合國估計，世界上有近8億人口營養不良。它產生的效應是破壞性的。大約有4億的育齡婦女體內缺鐵，也就是說，她們的嬰兒將可能有各種天生的缺陷。數量多達1億的兒童缺乏維生素A，這是導致失明的主要原因。還有數千萬的人患有因食物匱乏而導致的其他嚴重疾病和營養不良症。
6How can biotech help? Biotechnologists have developedgenetically modified rice that is
fortified with beta-carotene -- which the body converts intovitamin A -- and additional iron, and they are working on other kinds ofnutritionally improved crops. Biotech can also improve
farming proctivity in places where food shortages are causedby crop damage attribution to pests, drought, poor soil and crop viruses,bacteria or fungi.
生物技術對此能做些什麼呢?生物技術專家已經培育出了含有β—胡蘿卜素(身體可將之轉化為維生素A)和更多鐵元素的轉基因水稻，目前正在研究培育其他一些增進營養成分的農作物。生物技術還可以幫助提高因蟲害、乾旱、土壤貧瘠和作物病毒、細菌或真菌導致作物減產而出現食物匱乏的地區的農業生產率。
7Damage caused by pests is incredible. The European corn borer,for example, destroys 40 million tons of the world's corn crop annually, about7% of the total. Incorporating
pest-resistant genes into seeds can help restore the balance. Intrials of pest-resistant cotton in Africa, yields have increased significantly.So far, fears that genetically modified,
pest-resistant crops might kill good insects as well as badappear unfounded.
蟲害帶來的損失令人難以置信。例如，歐洲玉米螟每年毀掉4000萬噸玉米，佔世界玉米總產量的7％。把抗蟲害的基因植入種子可以幫助避免這一損失。在非洲進行的抗蟲害棉花試驗中，棉花的產量已大幅度提高。有人擔心，抗蟲害的轉基因作物不僅將害蟲殺死，而且有可能連益蟲也一起殺死，但到目前為止，這種擔心似乎沒有根據。
8Viruses often cause massive failure in staple crops indeveloping countries. Two years age, Africa lost more than half its cassavacrop -- a key source of calories -- to the mosaic virus. Genetically modified,virus-resistant crops can rece that damage, as can drought-tolerant seeds inregions where water shortages limit the amount of land under cultivation.Biotech can also help solve the problem of soil that contains excess aluminum,which can damage roots and cause many staple-crop failures. A gene that helpsneutralize aluminum toxicity in rice has been identified.
病毒常常在發展中國家造成主要糧食作物的大面積歉收。兩年前，花葉病毒使非洲損失了超過一半的木薯，而這種作物是當地人的主要食物。轉基因的抗病毒作物可以減少這種損失，就像抗乾旱種子在可耕地面積因缺水而受到限制的地區起到的作用一樣。含鋁過高的土壤會損傷作物的根系並使許多主要作物歉收，對於這種問題生物技術也能幫助解決。目前，研究人員已經識別出一種有助於中和水稻里鋁的毒性的基因。
9Many scientists believe biotech could raise overall cropproctivity in developing countries as much as 25% and help prevent the lossof those crops after they are harvested.
許多科學家認為，生物技術能夠把發展中國家的農業總產量提高25％，並且幫助防止作物收割後遭受損失。
10Yet for all that promise, biotech is far from being the wholeanswer. In developing countries, lost crops are only one cause of hunger.Poverty plays the largest role. Today more than 1 billion people around theglobe live on less than ' 1 aday. Making genetically modified crops available will not rece hunger iffarmers cannot afford to grow them or if the local population cannot afford tobuy the food those farmers proce.
盡管具有這么多潛力，生物技術還遠遠不能解決全部問題。在發展中國家，作物歉收只是造成飢餓的一個原因。貧窮才是罪魁禍首。今天，全世界有超過10億人口每天靠不到1美元維持生計。如果農民沒錢種植轉基因作物或當地人買不起農民種出的糧食，培育轉基因作物就無法減少飢餓。
11Nor can biotech overcome the challenge of distributing food indeveloping countries. Taken as a whole, the world proces enough food to feedeveryone -- but much of it is simply in the wrong place. Especially incountries with undeveloped transport infrastructures, geographyrestricts foodavailability as dramatically as genetics promises to improve it.
此外，生物技術也無法克服在發展中國家分配糧食的難題。從整體上看，世界生產的糧食足夠養活所有人，但大部分糧食卻不是在需要的地方。尤其在運輸基礎設施落後的國家，地理條件對食物供給的限制正如遺傳學為食物供給帶來的希望一樣大。
12Biotech has its own "distribution" problems.Private-sector biotech companies in the rich countries carry out much of theleading-edge research on genetically modified crops. Their procts are oftentoo costly for poor farmers in the developing world, and many of those proctswon't even reach the regions where they are most needed. Biotech firms have astrong financial incentive to target rich markets first in order to help themrapidly recoup the high costs of proct development. But some of thesecompanies are responding to needs of poor countries. A London-based company,for example, has announced that it will share with developing countriestechnology needed to proce vitamin-enriched "golden rice".
生物技術也面臨自身的「分配」問題。許多轉基因作物方面的尖端研究都是富國的私營生物技術公司進行的。對發展中國家的窮苦農民來說，這些公司的產品通常顯得過於昂貴，而且這些產品中的大部分甚至無法到達最需要的地區。強大的經濟刺激促使生物技術公司把富裕國家的市場作為第一目標，以便能夠盡快回收產品開發的高額成本。不過，有些公司已開始對貧窮國家的需要做出反應。例如，一家總部在倫敦的公司已經宣布，它願意和發展中國家一起分享生產維生素增強型的「金水稻」所需的技術。
13More and more biotech research is being carried out indeveloping countries. But to increase the impact of genetic research on thefood proction of those countries, there is a need for better collaborationbetween government agencies -- both local and in developed countries -- andprivate biotech firms. The ISAAA, for example, is successfully partnering withthe US
Agency for International Development, local researches andprivate biotech companies to find and deliver biotech solutions for farmers indeveloping countries.
發展中國家正在進行越來越多的生物技術研究。但是，為擴大遺傳學研究對這些國家的糧食生產的影響，政府各部門(包括當地政府部門和發達國家的政府部門)與私營生物技術公司之間需要更好的合作。例如，國際農業生物工程應用技術采購管理局目前正與美國國際發展署、當地的研究人員以及私營的生物技術公司進行成功的合作，以幫助發展中國家的農民尋求生物技術方面的解決辦法。
14Will "Frankenfoods" feed the world? Biotech is not apanacea, but it does promise to transformagriculture in many developingcountries. If that promise is not fulfilled, the real losers will be theirpeople, who could suffer for years to come.
「弗蘭肯食品」能養活世界嗎?生物技術雖不是萬靈葯，但它確實有希望改造許多發展中國家的農業。如果這種希望不能實現，真正的受害者將是這些國家的人民，他們可能會在未來的歲月里遭受苦難。

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『伍』 求學術英語理工類abstract

我給你Text1 的。。。

Text 1 How Do Computer Hackers 「Get Inside」 a Computer?
Abstract： Computer vulnerabilities are often utilized by hackers or crackers. The security of each computer is challenging. This paper firstly redefines the term 「hacker」, 「cracker」 and 「getting inside」 the computers and describes the procere in detail. The term 「unauthorized user」 (UU) will be a better choice for defining the insider group. The known and unknown vulnerabilities will be taken advantage of by UUs ranging from poor password protection to leaving a computer turned on and physically accessible to visitors in the office. The first step of employing technical exploits will be the determination of the specifications of the target system. There are two ways of attacking including being through capabilities inherent in hypertext transfer protocol (http) and being preprogrammed against specific vulnerabilities and launched without any specific target. The variability of hacking action including the weak system and the strong system warns the users to choose the right way to protect the computer and do not authorize the computer to others easily. Lastly, the solution of avoiding vulnerabilities has been given, including updating patches, making complex passwords, getting information only from the reliable websites or services, updating anti-virus software and backing up the data to protect the computer not being hacked. 摘要： 計算機漏洞經常被黑客破解使用。每台計算機的安全性都在承受挑戰。本文首先重新定義了術語「電腦狂人」、「黑客」和「進入計算機內部」，並詳細描述了該過程。而術語「未授權用戶」（UU）能更好的定義「侵入者」。已知和未知的漏洞會不經意的被人利用，不管這些漏洞是低安全性密碼保護，還是電腦持續開機，亦或是在辦公室與其他訪客的直接接觸。「未授權用戶」利用技術漏洞的第一步即是確定目標系統的明細規范是什麼。有兩種攻擊方式，一種是針對超文本傳輸協議（HTTP）固有的功能，另一種是預先設定好程序對特定易受攻擊對象進行攻擊，沒有任何具體目標。黑客行動的多變性，警告用戶不管是薄弱的還是強大的系統，都應當選擇正確的方式來自我保護，不要輕易將授權給其他人。最後，文章列出了避免安全漏洞的解決方案，包括更新補丁、使用復雜的密碼、只從可靠的網站或服務中獲取信息、及時更新殺毒軟體和備份，以保護計算機中的數據不被黑客攻擊。

『陸』 學術英語理工text9摘要

Physical Effects of Marijuana Use

Marijuana
is a drug of controversy in medical history. Whether its ultimate effects are
harmful, harmless or beneficial to human functioning remains to be
investigated. This paper focuses on the study of the physical effects of
Marijuana uses. Based on previous research, the study divided the physical
effects of marijuana use into the short-term effects and long-term ones,
according to its frequency, ration and intensity of physical symptoms. The
studies indicated that an increase of pulse rate and changes in blood sugar
pressures are two remarkable signs of short-term effects together with the
symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache and so on. It was also found that the
chronic use of marijuana may weaken one』 immune system and interfere with DNA
proction in terms of long-term effects.
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『柒』 學術英語理工類text18 注意是text18的文獻摘要

Physical Effects of Marijuana Use

Marijuana
is a drug of controversy in medical history. Whether its ultimate effects are
harmful, harmless or beneficial to human functioning remains to be
investigated. This paper focuses on the study of the physical effects of
Marijuana uses. Based on previous research, the study divided the physical
effects of marijuana use into the short-term effects and long-term ones,
according to its frequency, ration and intensity of physical symptoms. The
studies indicated that an increase of pulse rate and changes in blood sugar
pressures are two remarkable signs of short-term effects together with the
symptoms of nausea, vomiting, headache and so on. It was also found that the
chronic use of marijuana may weaken one』s immune system and interfere with DNA
proction in terms of long-term effects.
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