英語詞彙學期末
Ⅰ 如何學習《英語詞彙學》
區別學習目標
無論做什麼事情，我們首先要做的就是確定目標，也就是最後要達到一個什麼樣的程度。英語單詞的學習也是如此。不同階段，不同單詞，學習的目標也不同。如有些單詞只需要認識，但是有些單詞要求更高，需要書寫。這些要求一般在考試大綱中會有所體現。
學習單詞發音
很多人覺得學習單詞會有困難，更多的是因為不會發音，不會正確的讀單詞。因為很多單詞的書寫和發音有著密不可分的關系，所以學會音標，對於單詞的學習至關重要。音標的學習最好有專業的指導，或者在網上學習。
分時段重復記憶
學習單詞，不要一直在一個時間重復同一個單詞，這樣不利於記憶。應該在一天的不同時段，多次記憶。比如早晨用10分鍾記憶10個單詞，晚上再用5分鍾復習這10個單詞，第二天早晨學習新的單詞前再用2-3分鍾復習這10個單詞，基本就記住了。這樣不僅提高了單詞的學習效率，還利用了零散的時間。
在語境中學習
學習單詞的最終目標是應用到句子中，而且在不同的語境中，同一個單詞可能會有不同的含義。單詞是支離破碎的，而句子是一個整體，更有利於記憶，所以在句子中學習單詞的效果會事半功倍。另外，有些單詞雖然中文意思相同，但是在英語中卻不能通用，所以盡量學會 用英文解釋單詞，在語境中理解單詞。
聯想延伸
有些單詞之間是有聯系的，在學習一個單詞的時候可以聯想延伸。比如香蕉是一種水果，你可以聯想到橘子。西瓜等其他水果。還有一些單詞，是不同時態下的不同形式，也可以用這種方法記憶。這樣學習單詞，既有樂趣，又有效率。
堅持不斷學習
英語單詞的特點是數量多，缺少關聯性。所以學習單詞要持之以恆，不斷堅持，積少成多。經過日積月累，一定會有不小的收獲。
Ⅱ 學習《英語詞彙學》心得
英語詞彙學習心得
在如今的大學校園里,英語好似一個永恆的話題,永不乏味,永不會淡出校園的歷史舞台!在校園里時常流傳這樣一句話,"現在考試考的就是英語,而英語考的就是詞彙.因此,攻克英語,必須攻克詞彙!".此話不假!
在英語的學習過程中,詞彙學習是尤為重要的,單詞記得越多越好,越准確越好,釋義,搭配,例句,用法越全越好.沒有一個扎實的詞彙功底,你的閱讀速度的提高是無稽之談!而閱讀向來在我們的日常考試中都是個重頭戲的,是重中之重的!俗話說"得閱讀者得天下嘛!" .而口語水平的提高在一定程度上也是鉗制於我們的詞彙量的.
種種分析表明:詞彙的大量擴增是應付四,六和研究生入學考試的關鍵一步,也是根本無法被任何所謂的"考試技巧"取代,復制的一步!這一點,我們是要牢記的!
對那些英語底子不太好的同學來說,學習英語的坎坷之路,如漫漫長夜,遙遙無期,永無盡頭!不禁感嘆,從小學到大學,我們看過的英語書,做過的英語試題<>成千上萬,簡直是汗牛充棟,浩如煙海,學習精神更是頭懸梁錐刺股,艱苦卓越,可英文單詞卻為何怎麼也記不住,記不全,記不準確呢 依我愚見,最根本的原因是方法不當!
下面就談談我學習詞彙的方法:
1, 善用詞源學學習詞彙
在中學階段時,老師就告訴我們,單詞是由前綴,詞根和後綴所構成的.卻沒有告訴我們它在記單詞上的獨特功能!下面舉個例子加以說明.
pel 的詞源學意思為"逐,推".
以下的17個單詞就是由其加前綴或後綴而構成的!
compel "逐之做某事" 強迫,迫使 com- =加強
compellable 可強迫的 -able=be able to 可……的
compeller 強迫他人者,驅使別人者 -er =people who 者
dispel 驅散 dis- =apart 分散,散開
expel 逐出,趕出,開除 ex - = out 出,外
expellable 可逐出的
expellant 驅除的,趕出的 -ant = …… 的
expeller 逐出者,驅逐者
expellee 被驅逐(出國)者 -ee=被……的人 (eg.employer---employer)
impel 推動,激勵 im-=intensify 加強
impeller 推動者,推動器
propel 推進,推動 pro-=before 向前
propeller 推進器,螺旋槳,推進者
propel lent 推進的,推進物,推進者 -ent= n/adj.suffix
repel 擊退,反擊,抵抗,防 re- =back/ against 回
repellence 反擊性,抵抗性 -ence=n.suffix (抽象)
repellent 擊退的,排斥的,防護劑,防水布
是不是感覺這種方法還不錯呢 那就去嘗試吧!或許,你會有不小的收獲呢!
2,利用專業課學詞彙
我們是學生命科學的.在日常的專業科的學習中,如果我們都能注意到對那些專業名詞的學習,對我們的詞彙量的擴增也是有莫大的幫助的.
biology 生物學 anatomy 解剖學
biochemistry 生物化學 biostatistics 生物統計學
botany 植物學 botanical garden 植物園
ecology 生態學 zoology 動物學
physiology 生理學 bioengineering 生物工程學
genetics 遺傳學 microbiology 微生物學
fermentation 發酵
我在這里細舉幾個專業名詞,以供大家參考.以下幾個名詞是我從《動物生理學》上摘的.我們都知道現在閱讀材料關於醫學方面的也考得不少,如果哪天考到了眼科疾病方面的,了解以下的專業名詞對文章理解的准確度是很有益的.
sensory organ 感覺器官 eyeball 眼球
eyebrow 眉毛 cornea 角膜
sclera 鞏膜 iris 虹膜
chorioid 脈絡膜 pupil 瞳孔
retina 視網膜 diopter 屈光度
……
當然,這些詞彙僅僅是一個小小的方面的哦!還有許許多多的單詞需要你自己去總結.在這里強調一點的是,以上所列的單詞都可以根據詞源學來幫助記憶!
3,用日常生活用品中學詞彙
其實,在我們日常生活中,有許許多多的日常用品上都有起英文和一些中文中的外來詞,但我們卻視而不見和聞而不究!下面就A,B,C和D四個大方面加以驗證.
A. 吃的方面
beer 啤酒 café 咖啡
chocolate 巧克力 champagne 香檳酒 ( champion 冠軍)
cola 可樂 mango 芒果
morphine嗎啡 optium 鴉片
pie 餡餅 vitamin 維他命
……
B. 用品方面
Jacket n.短上衣,夾克,(鍋爐,水管等的)套,書籍的封面套紙,護封,馬鈴薯皮
jelly n.著哩水 lipstick n.口紅
mosaic n.馬賽克 motor n.發動機
mousse n.糕點 nylon n.尼龍
shampoo n.洗發膏
sofa n.沙發
……
C. 商標方面
我們都知道"德國大眾車"的商標為:
大眾公司標志的VW就是兩個德文單詞(Volks Wagen)的字首,而德文單詞volk就相當於英文單詞folk (n.老百姓),德文單詞wagen 就相當於英文單詞wagon(n.四輪馬車).
(2)jeep n.吉普
美 國 吉 普 公 司
(3) Jaguar的意思是美洲虎,它的標志就是一隻狂奔的美洲虎
(4)鈴木汽車公司的商標是由"鈴木"(SUZUKI)的第一個字母"S"變形而來,據該公司解釋,這種設計給人以力量的感覺,象徵著正在發展的鈴木公司
(5)沃爾沃公司商標中的"Volvo"在拉丁語中有"滾動向前"的意思.
(6)無 限
(7)
……
D. 其他方面(這里就不細分了!)
bazaar n.集市 (新疆的同學應該都聽過"巴扎"吧!就是來源於此.)
Buddhism n.佛教 Islam n.伊斯蘭
Moslem n.穆斯林 Taolism n.道教
Satan n.饊旦,魔鬼,惡鬼 kowtow n.磕頭
cartoon n.卡通 cannon n.大炮
gene n.基因 hacker n.黑客
tank n.坦克 typhoon n.台風
……
4,巧用對比法學詞彙
這也是個在詞彙學習中很重要的方法,有些詞彙考試中也經常側重於考它,大家應仔細區分這些易混詞,四,六級都曾考過這些單詞!奉勸一句,學習要會比較並總結出知識點間的共性和個性的東西,形成自己的知識體系,不要不會總結地盲目地去學習,那是很不明智的!
aboard adv.在船,火車,飛機或其他客運交通工具上
abroad adv.往國外, 到處, 海外, 廣泛, 差得遠,
adapt vt.①使適應, ②改編
adopt vt.①採用, ②收養
access n.①進入,②使用,接近,〈計〉訪問,存取
assess vt.估計,評估,評價,征(稅),分攤(費用),處以(罰款)
abrupt a.突然的
absorb v.吸收
absurd a.荒唐的
angel n.天使
angle n.角度 v. 獵取(for)
anonymous a.匿名的,無特色的,
homogeneous a.同類的
instantaneous a.自發的
simultaneous a.同時發生的,同時的,一起的
simulate vt.假裝,冒充,模仿,模擬,看上去像
stimulate v.刺激,激勵
argument n.爭論, 辯論, 論據, 論點,
augment v. 增加, 增大 n. 增加, 增大
ascend v.攀登,上升
ascent n.上升
descend v.下降
carrot n. 胡蘿卜(car + rot "破爛的小汽車即為胡蘿卜")
parrot n. 鸚鵡
charity n.慈善, 施捨, 慈善團體
clarity n.清楚,清晰,透明
clarify v.澄清, 闡明
collapse v.崩潰,瓦解
collide v.碰撞,沖突,抵觸
collaborate v.協作,勾結
comfirm v.加強
conform vi.一致,符合,適合
reform n.改革
perform n.執行
commence v.開始, 著手
commend vt.稱贊, 表揚, 推薦, 委託, 吸引
comment n.評論, 意見vi.注釋, 評論
commerce n.商業
consent v.贊同,答應,同意 n. 贊同,答應,同意
consensus n.一致同意,一致
conscience n.良心,良知
consicious a.意識到,自覺的,有自覺的
considerate a.體貼人的
considerable a.可考慮的,大量的
costume n.裝束, 服裝
custom n.習慣, 風俗 v.定製, 承接定做活
customs n. 海關,進口稅
customer n. 顧客
consume n .消耗, 消費,
consumer n.消費者
conceit n.自負,驕傲自大
consent vi.同意, 贊成, 答應 n同意, 贊成, 答應
contain vt.包含,容納,裝有
content n.內容,目錄, 滿足 adj.滿足的, 滿意的, 願意
confident adj.自信的, 確信的
confidential adj.秘密的, 機密的
continual a.不斷的,頻繁的
continuous a.連續的
dairy n.牛奶場, 牛奶商店, 奶製品
diary n.日記
delicate a.精巧的, 脆弱的, 微妙的, 靈敏的, 精密的
dedicate vt.獻(身), 致力,
dictate v.n①口述, 聽寫, ②指令, 指示, 命令, 規定
derive v.起源
deprive v.剝奪(of)
diploma n.文憑, 畢業證書, 證書, 獎狀
diplomat n.外交官
diplomacy n.外交,外交手腕,
eruption n..(火山)爆發,噴發
rupture v.破裂, 裂開, 斷絕(關系等), 割裂 n. 破裂, 裂開
disruption n.中斷, 分裂, 瓦解, 破壞
corruption n.腐敗, 貪污, 墮落
endow vt. 給與,賦予,資助,
endeavor vi.(to)努力,盡力,力圖 n. .努力
eject v. 逐出,噴出,發出,排出,吐出
inject v. 注入,注射
project v.拋出,射出,投擲,發射
subject v.使服從,使隸屬 (常考 be subjected to !!!)
except vt.除…之外
expect vt.期待, 預期, 盼望, 料想, 認為
expert n.專家, 行家 adj.老練的, 內行的, 專門的
explicit a.明確的,明晰的,直言的
implicit a. 含糊的,不明確的,不明晰的
flavor n.味,味道
favor n. 喜愛,好感, 寵愛, 關切, 歡心, 好意, vt.支持, 贊成, 照顧, 促成, 象, 喜歡, 證實, 賜予 (in favor of贊成,支持)
forge v. ①鍛造,②偽造
forget vt.忘記, 忽略
forgive vt.原諒, 饒恕,
freight n.貨物, 貨運 vt.裝貨, 使充滿, 運送
fright n.驚駭, 吃驚
fraction n.小部分, 微量,分數
friction n.摩擦, 摩擦力
grasp v/n.抓住, 抓緊, 掌握, 領會
grip vt.緊握, 緊夾
herb n.草
herd n.獸群
loyal adj.忠誠的, 忠心的
royal adj.王室的, 皇家的, 第一流的, 高貴的
ince v.誘導
dece v.演繹,推理
dect v.扣除,扣去
rece v.減少
indentical a.一樣的,同等的
indentity n.身份(ID CARD 身份證)
indentify v. 鑒別
indensify v.加強,加劇
instrious a.勤奮的
instical a.工業化的
invaluable a.無法估價的
valueless a.不足道的
Magnif y v.放大,擴大
amplify v.放大(聲音),增強(電壓等)
signify vt.表示……的意思,意味,表示,有關系,有重要性(significance n.重要性)
natural a.自然的, 天生的, 天賦的, 普通的, 正常的,
neutral a.中立的,中性的,不確定的
principle n. 原則, 法則, 原理
principal n.負責人, 校長, 主犯, adj.主要的, 首要的
peel n.果皮 v.削皮
peen n.尖頭 v.錘打
peep v. 窺看 n. 窺見
peer v.凝視 n.貴族
purpose n.目的, 意圖, vt.打算, 企圖, 決心
propose v.計劃, 建議, 向...提議, 求婚,打算,
reveal vt. 揭示, 展現, 顯示, 暴露
revival n.蘇醒, 復興, 復活, 再生效, 復甦
successful a.成功的,勝利的
successive a.連續的,相繼的,依次的,後繼的,繼承的
rectify v.糾正,調整
testify v. 證實,明確
respectable a.可敬的,高尚的
respected a.受尊敬的
respecting prep.關於
respective a.分別的,各自的
sacred adj神聖的, 宗教的, 庄嚴的,
scared adj.恐懼的
scarce adj.缺乏的, 不足的, 稀有的, 不充足的
snack n.小吃, 快餐, 一份
snake n.蛇 vi.曲折移動,蜿蜒而行
statue n.雕像,塑像
status n. ①身份, 地位, ②情形, 狀況
stature n. ①成就,才幹,②身高,身長
signal n.信號 v.發信號, 用信號通知
single adj.單獨的, 單身的, 單純的, 孤獨的, 個別的
stationary adj.靜止的,固定的,不動的
stationery n.文具, 信紙
terrorist n.恐怖分子
territory n.領土, 版圖, 地域
topical adj.主題的, 論題的, 地方的,【醫】局部的
tropical adj.熱帶的,熱情的,比喻的, 轉義的
trail n.蹤跡, 痕跡, 形跡
trial n. ①審訊,審判 ②考驗,試驗,③試用,嘗試, ④令人討厭的人或事,麻煩事
vague adj.含糊的, 不清楚的, 茫然的, 曖昧的
vogue n.時尚, 時髦, 流行, 風行adj.流行的, 時髦的
vacation n.假期, 休假
vocation n.職業,行業
warship n.軍艦
worship v/n 崇拜, 仰慕, 做禮拜
word n.詞
ward n. ①守衛, 保護, 監護 ②牢房, 病房, 行政區, v.守護, 保衛, 防止, 擋住, 躲開, 避免
wealth n. ①財富, 財產, ②大量,許多
wealthy adj.富有的,充分的 n. 富人, 有錢人
worth adj/prep.值…的,價值…的
worthy adj.有價值的, 應...的, 可敬的, 值得的, 相稱的 n.傑出人物, 知名人士
worthwhile adj.值得做的, 值得出力的
widow n.寡婦
window n.窗,窗口,櫥窗
……
5學用趣味法記單詞
abundant adj.豐富的, 充裕的, 豐富, 盛產, 富於
記憶方法:a bund(n.碼頭) ant (n.螞蟻) "一碼頭的螞蟻" 還不豐富……嗎
armpit n.腋窩 pit n.深坑, 深淵, 陷阱, (物體或人體表面上的)凹陷, (英國劇場的)正廳後排,正廳後排的觀眾vt.窖藏, 使凹下, 去...之核, 使留疤痕, 使競爭vi.起凹點, 凹陷
記憶方法:arm + pit (窩) "胳膊有窩的地方"
assassin n.暗殺者, 刺客
記憶方法:ass (n.驢子) + ass +in "刺殺是驢子間才趕的事情!"
carpet n. 地毯
記憶方法:car +pet (n.寵物) "車上有寵物要保持衛生的話,是要地毯的!
carrot n. 胡蘿卜
記憶方法:car + rot "破爛的小汽車即為胡蘿卜"
budget n.預算vi.做預算, 編入預算
記憶方法:bud + get "在出芽前得到的即為預算"
legend n. 傳奇
記憶方法:leg + end "一條腿到終點"還不傳奇嗎
innocent adj. (～ of) 清白的, 無罪的, 天真的, 無知的
記憶方法:in no cent "沒有一分錢的" 還不夠清白嗎
bud n., 蓓蕾vi.發芽, 萌芽
記憶方法:其發音好似 "必由地" "芽是由地下長出的"
bugelow n.平房
記憶方法:發音好似"半個樓"
edifice n.高樓大廈
記憶方法:發音好似"挨地非死"
feeble adj.虛弱的
記憶方法:發音好似"非抱"
gossipe v.閑談
記憶方法:發音好似"搞事婆" (農村婦女喜歡討論別人家的事!)
gust n. 客人
記憶方法:發音好似"該死的"
gist n.要點,要旨
記憶方法:發音好似"記死它" 考試要點當然是要記死的哦!
karate n. 空手道
記憶方法:發音好似"可壓踢"
shrew n. 潑婦
記憶方法:發音好似"淑 不淑,即為潑婦也!"
……
以上的5種方法僅供大家參考,仁者見仁,智者見智!學習是一個不斷摸索方法的過程,學習貴在方法上的掌握和創新.
在詞彙學習過程中,始終要牢記"沒有記不住的英文單詞,只有你想不到的方法!",方法是最具革命性的!
任何努力都不會使我們沮喪,痛苦和喪失鬥志,而真正會把我們引入失敗的是放棄目標,放棄努力和放棄自信!
考試短暫,不容蹉跎.你在四,六和研究生考試中能否成功,真正能夠把握的有限的時間恰恰就是現在,就是今天,就是此刻.我們絕不能活在過去的成功里,也絕不能活在過去的失敗里,更絕不能活在未來的幻想里,而只能殘忍地活在今天的無情的事實里.因此,聰明的天之嬌子們!找准適合自己的目標後,與英共舞,千錘百煉,練就詞彙,惠及將來吧!
Ⅲ 英語詞彙學
詞彙學是語言學的一個分支。背詞根的確要像背單詞一樣，不過如果你的詞根內記得多了話，以後容看到生詞是有一定機會猜到詞義的，就想看到某些漢字，可以通過組成漢字的偏旁部首猜出一部分詞義的。不過詞彙學可不簡單的只是背誦詞根而已，這里還有單詞的發展，詞彙的多角度多層次的分析，詞彙的語義的層解，等等。。。
詞彙學應該是在理解的基礎上記憶。
大學那時候我們學校的詞彙學是選修課，我並沒有選，但是工作之後單位的領導分派我教詞彙學，第一次教的時候真的是照本宣科，也不太明白，生生的背下來的。一年一年的重復教課，教到第二遍的時候就開始覺得這個科目有意思了。第三年就完全明白這個科目里每個章節的研究意義何在了。再看詞彙學這本書，就更明白了。
所以，可以按照書上 順序，先看一遍，這個過程中肯定有你不太明白的地方，甚至有的地方你會質疑，把詞彙做這樣的研究有意義嘛？？？但是看完一遍之後，再回頭看第二遍，你會有全新的領悟。如果可以看到第三遍，基本就能弄懂了。
我說的「看」不是簡單的閱讀，而是變琢磨理解句意邊看。
Ⅳ 英語詞彙學必背知識點
1.Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of..., while others prefer...
基於個人經歷、個性類型和情感關注的不同，我們發現有人持……的觀點，而另外一些人則更喜歡……
例句：Depending on personal experience, personal type and emotion concern, we find that some people hold the idea of living in the small town, while others prefer the big city.
基於個人經歷、個性類型和情感關注的不同，我們發現有人喜歡生活在小城鎮，而另外一些人則更喜歡大城市。
2.When asked about..., the vast/ overwhelming majority of/ most/ many/ quite a few people say/ think/ believe/ answer that... But...
當被問及……時，多數（大多數、許多）人認為（回答）……但是……
例句：When asked about choosing living place, the vast people think that living in the big city is perfect. But I think living in the small town is the better choice.
當被問及在選擇居住地方時，多數人認為居住在城市是很棒的。但是我覺得住在小城鎮更好。
3.When it comes to ..., some think/ hold/ believe...
當提及……時，有人認為……
例句：When it comes to sports, some believe basketball is the most popular one.
當提到運動時，有人認為籃球是最受歡迎的。
4.It has become apparent to us that...
對我們來說，……已經變得很明顯了
例句：It has become apparent to us that living in a small town is more comfortable.
對我們來說，住在小城鎮更加舒服。
5.Nowadays, it is commonly/ widely/ generally believed/ thought/ held that..., but I wonder/ doubt that...
如今，人們普遍認為……，但是我懷疑……
例句：Nowadays, it is generally believed that living in a big city is convenient, but I doubt that living in a small country is more comfortable.
如今，人們普遍認為住在大城市更便利，但是我覺得住在小城鎮更加舒服。
6.With the rapid growth of..., ...have/has become increasingly important in our daily life.
隨著……的快速增長，……日常生活中已經變得越來越重要。
例如：With the rapid growth of hi-tech skills, cellphone has become increasingly important in our daily life.
隨著高科技的快速增長，手機在日常生活中已經變得越來越重要。
這個就是一些萬能的英語句子，來源於網路。
Ⅳ 英語詞彙學考試重點章節
Chapter 1
1 - The definition of a word comprises the following points:
(1) a minimal free form of a language;
(2) a sound unity;
(3) a unit of meaning;
(4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.
A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.
2- Sound and Meaning: symbolic connection is almost always arbitrary and conventional.
A dog is called a dog not because the sound and the three letters that make up the word just automatically suggest the animal in question.
3- Old English, the speech of the time was represented very much more faithfully in writing than it is today. The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double ty or work together in combination.
Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.
4-A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.
Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.
5 - Vocabulary: All the words in a language make up its vocabulary. Not only can it refer to the total number of the words in a language, but it can stand for all the
words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an indivial person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.
words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an indivial person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.
words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an indivial person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.
words used in a particular historical period. We also use it to refer to all the words of a given dialect, a given book, a given discipline and the words possessed by an indivial person. The general estimate of the present-day English vocabulary is over million words.
6 - Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.
7 - The basic word stock is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though words of the basic word stock constitute a small percentage of the English vocabulary, yet it is the most important part of it. These words have obvious characteristics.
8 - All national character. Words of the basic word stock denote the most common things and phenomena of the world around us, which are indispensable to all the people who speak the language
Natural phenomena/Human body and relations/Names of plants and animals/Action, size, domain, state/Numerals, pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions
9 - Stability. Words of the basic word stock have been in use for centuries.
10 - Proctivity . Words of the basic word stock are mostly root words or monosyllabic words. They can each be used alone, and at the same time can form new words with other roots and affixes.
11 - Polysemy. Words belonging to the basic word stock often possess more than one meaning because most of them have undertone semantic changes in the course of use and become polysemous.
12 - Collocability . Many words of the basic word stock quite a number of set expressions, idiomatic usages, proverbial sayings and the like.
13 - Terminology consists of technical terms used in particular disciplines and academic areas .
14 - Jargon refers to the specialized vocabularies by which members of particular arts, sciences, trades and professions communicate among themselves such as in business.
15 - Slang belongs to the sub-standard language, a category that seems to stand between the standard general words including informal ones available to everyone and in-group words like cant, jargon, and argot, all of which are associated with, or most available to, specific groups of the population.
Slang is created by changing or extending the meaning of existing words though some slang words are new coinages altogether. Slang is colourful, blunt, expressive and impressive.
16 - Argot generally refers to the jargon of criminals.
17 - Dialectal words are words used only by speakers of the dialect in question.
18 - Archaisms are words or forms that were once in common use but are now restricted only to specialized or limited use.
19 - Neologisms are newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.
20 - By notion, words can be grouped into content words and functional words. Content words denote clear notions and thus are known as notional words. They include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs and numerals, which denote objects, phenomena, action, quality, state, degree, quantity.
21 - Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called empty words. As their chief function is to express the relation between notions, the relation between words as well as between sentences, they are known as form words. Prepositions, conjunctions, auxiliaries and articles belong to this category.
22 - However, functional words do far more work of expression in English on average than content words.
23 - Native words are words brought to Britain in the fifth century by the German tribes; the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes, thus known as Anglo-Saxon words.
24 - Apart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock, in contrast to borrowed words, native words have two other features:
Neutral in style. they are not stylistically specific.
Stylistically, natives words are neither formal nor informal whereas the words borrowed from French or Latin are literary and learned, thus appropiate in formal style.
Frequent in use. Native words are most frequently used in everyday speech and writing.
25 - Words taken over from foreign languages are known as borrowed words or loan words or borrowings in simple terms. It is estimated that English borrowings constitute 80 percent of the modem English vocabulary. The English
language is noted for the remarkable complexity and heterogeneity of its vocabulary because of its extensive borrowings
26 - Aliens are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling. These words are immediately recognizable as foreign in origin.
27 - Semantic-loans. Words of this category are not borrowed with reference to the form. But their meanings are borrowed. In other words, English has borrowed a new meaning for an existing word in the language.
還有很多，主要要看書！希望我們一起通過！加油！